1- These are imperatives: Bunlar emir cümleleridir. Go. Help. Come. Wait. We use the imperatives like this: Emir cümlerini bu şekilde kullanırız: Come in! Have a cup of tea. Turn left at the post office. Don't touch! It's hot.
Note that sometimes the imperatives are one word, but often we give more information: Dikkat ediniz emir cümleleri bazen tek bir kelimedir fakat genelde biz daha fazla bilgi veririz. Help! Help me! Help me with my suitcase.
We can say please after an imperative to be more polite: Daha nazik olmak için emir cümlerinin sonunda Please kullanırız. Help me with my suitcase, please. Hurry up, please. We're late. Come here, please. Listen to me, please.
2- We use Do not or Don't like this: Olumsuz emir cümlelerini bu şekilde kullanırız. Don't be late. Don't forget your books! Don't wait for me.
We normally use the short form Don't
3- We use the imperative: Emir cümlerini kullanırız:
to give instructions:
Talimatlar vermek için Turn right at he corner. Don't forget your passport.
to give warnings:
Uyarılar vermek için Look out! There's a car coming. Be careful! That box is too heavy.
To give advice:
Öğüt vermek için Have a rest. You look tired. Take a coat. It's cold today. Don't see that film. It's terrible!
to ask people to do things:
İnsanlardan birşey yapmalarını istemek için Come in please, and sit down. Listen to this song. It's wonderful. Pass the butter, please.
to make offers:
Teklifler yapmak için Have another orange juice. Make yourself a cup of coffee.
to 'wish' things:
Birşeyler dilemek için Have a good trip! Have a nice holiday!
EXERCISES (ALIŞTIRMALAR)
A. Test. Boşluğa hangi emir cümleri gelmelidir?
1. ........... for me. I'm not coming tonight.
ADon't forget BDon't wait CDon't listen to me DDon't be late
2. ............. an umbrella with you. It's raining.
AOpen BCome CPass DTake
3. ........... a rest. You look tired.
ACatch BTake CHave DCome
4................ at the end of the road.
ATurn left BCome in CHelp me! DStop the car!
5. ............. to take your passport.
ADon't listen BDon't be late CDon't forget DDon't listen
6.............. There's a cat in the road.
ADon't be late! BStop the car! CTurn right! DOpen the door!
7. ............. to my party, please.
ADon't wait BDon't listen CPass DCome
8. ............. the salt, please.
ATake BPass CCatch DCome
9. ............. The bus leaves at 9 o'clock.
ADon't be late! BStop the car! CHelp me! DDon't talk!
10. ............. the first train in the morning.
AHave BTurn left CCatch DOpen
B- Steven is writing a letter to a friend. Find the suitable verbs.
20, Sea Parade Brighton
Dear Paul,
0 and see me next weekend. I'm staying in a house by the sea. Don't 1 to bring your swimming trunks with you! It isn't difficult to find the house. When you get to the crossroads in the town, 2 right and drive to the end of the road. 3 careful because it is a dangerous road! 4 some warm clothes with you because it is cold in the evenings here. If I am not at home when you arrive, don't 5 for me. The key to the house is under the big white stone in the garden. 6 the front door and 7 yourself a cup of tea in the kitchen! 8 a good journey!
Best Wishes,
Steven
CEVAPLAR:
B:1- forget 2- turn , 3- be , 4- bring, 5- wait , 6- open , 7- make , 8- have ,
1- Simple Present Tense'in BE fiiline örnek birkaç cümle:
This is my brother. He's ten years old. I'm a student. These are my books. They aren't at home. They're at the theatre.
2- Simple Present Tense BE fiilin cümledeki kullanım şekilleri şöyledir:
Olumlu
Olumsuz
Soru
I am a student.
I am not a student.
Am I a student?
You are a teacher.
You aren't a teacher.
Are you a teacher?
He is a doctor.
He isn't a doctor.
Is he a doctor?
She is a nurse.
She isn't a nurse.
Is she a nurse?
It is a cat.
It isn't a cat.
Is it a cat?
We are happy.
We aren't happy.
Are we happy?
They are in England.
They aren't in England.
Are they in England?
3- Konuşmalarda genellikle kısaltmalar yaparız. Örneğin: She's my sister. He's my brother. I'm from Italy. They're German.
4- Simple Present Tense BE aşağıdaki durumlarda kullanılır:
Kim olduğumuzu anlatırız:
I'm Erkan and this is my friend Mustafa. We're from Turkey.
Hava durumunu anlatırız:
It's cold today. It's a beautiful day. It's usually hot here! It isn't very warm today.
Zamanı anlatırız:
It's ten o'clock. It's half past four. You're late!
Mekanı anlatırız:
Milan is in the north of Italy. John and Mary are in Yorkshire.
İnsanların yaşlarını anlatırız:
My sister is seven years old.
EXERCISES (ALIŞTIRMALAR)
A- Chris is from Brazil. She is writing about herself and her family. Put full forms of be in the gaps. Example (Örnek) :
I a student from Brazil. My parent's rich.
1- My father a teacher. 2- My mother Brazilian. 3- She from America. 4- I twenty years old. 5- My little brother two. 6- My older brothers students. 7- They in the army. 8- It often very hot in Brazil.
B- Now fill these gaps. This time, use short forms of be, as in the examples. Example (Örnek) :
I a doctor. I a bank manager.
1- He a student. 2- She a teacher. 3- They at home. 4- They in the bank. 5- It very cold. 6- It cold today. 7- We from Paris. 8- We from Bordeaux. 9-You twenty-four. 10- I twenty-one.
CEVAPLAR:
A:1- is 2- is not, 3- is , 4- am , 5- is , 6- are not , 7- are , 8- is , B:1- 's 2- 's, 3- 're , 4- aren't , 5- 's , 6- isn't , 7- 're , 8- aren't , 9- 're , 10- 'm not ,
1- Simple Present Tense'in BE fiilini aşağıdaki durumlarda kullanırız:
Hislerimizi anlatırız:
I'm happy. They're sad. They're bored. She's tired. We'rehungry. I'm thirsty. He isn'tafraid. Theyre cold.
Hal hatır sorarız:
John:Hello, How are you? Mary:I'm fine thanks. How are you?
Özür dileriz:
John:I'm sorry I'm late. Mary:It doesn't matter.
Cisimler ve olaylar hakkında açıklamalar yaparız:
It isn't expensive. It's cheap. It's an old film. It isn't very good. That car is very old. There photos are bad.
2- Cisimlerin nerede olduklarını anlatmak için There + be (there is, there are) kullanırız:
Singular
Plural
There's a supermarket in this street
There is a telephone in the flat
There are some good cafes in the centre of the town.
There are some flowers in the garden.
Aynı zamanda taşıma araçlarının zamanını bildirirken de There + be kullanırız :
There isa bus to London at 7 o'clock. There are taxis, but there aren't any buses on Sunday. There isn't another train to Manchester today.
3- Be fiilinin soru şeklini aşağıdaki gibi yaparız:
Singular
Plural
Am I late? Are you late? Is he/she/it late?
Are we late? Are you late? Are they late?
İşte size BE fiili ile ilgili tüm soru örnekleri:
Am I late for the film? Are you twenty years old? Is he at home now? Is she French or Italian? Is it time to go home? Are we ready to leave? Are you both at university? Are they in Londan today?
EXERCISES (ALIŞTIRMALAR)
A- Küçük bir kasabada bulabileceğimiz ve bulamıyacağımız şeyler için There + be kullanarak ifade ediniz. Example (Örnek) : (+) a cinema. (-) a river. (+) ten restaurants. (-) any museums.
1-(-) a castle. 2-(+) tow baker's shops. 3-(+) a zoo. 4-(+) six banks. 5-(+) a luxury hotel. 6-(-) a theatre. 7-(+) six newsagents. 8-(-) many tourists.
B- Verilen kelimeleri kullanarak düzgün soru cümleleri yapınız. Example (Örnek) : ( thirsty - you - are )
1- ( a teacher - you - are ) 2- (they - bored - are ) 3- ( is - afraid - he ) 4- ( she - tired - is ) 5- ( are - you - how ) 6- ( cold today - it - is) 7- ( she - Spanish - is ) 8- ( they - from London - are )
C- Parantez içinde verilen kelimeleri kullanarak düzgün soru cümleleri yapınız. Example (Örnek) : ( you/Spanish ) No, I'm French
1- ( you/hungry ) No, I'm thirsty. 2- (she/your sister) No, she's my mother. 3-(I/late) No, you're on time. 4- (they/from America) No, they're from Canada. 5- ( he/a tennis player) No, he's a footballer. 6- ( you/happy) No, I'm sad. 7- ( she/at home) No, she's at work. 8- ( he/twenty ) No, he's eighteen years old.
CEVAPLAR:A:1- There isn't 2- There are , 3- There is , 4- There are , 5- There is , 6- There isn't , 7- There are , 8- There aren't ,
he, she, it: üçüncü tekil şahıslarında fiilin sonuna -s: eklenir. he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.
Olumsuz ve soru şekillerinde DOES yardımcı fiili eklenir + fiil yalın haldedir. He wants. Does he want? He does not want.
Sonu -y ile biten fiillerde -s eklenirken -y kalkarak -i'ye dönüşür ve böylece -ies olarak kullanılır: fly - flies,cry - cries İstisna: -y den önce sesli harf varsa bu değişiklik olmaz: play - plays,pray - prays
Sonu -ss, -x, -sh, -ch ile biten fiillere -es eklenir: he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes
Examples: 1. Third person singular with s or -es
a.He goes to school every morning. b.She understands English. c. It mixes the sand and the water. d. He tries very hard. e. She enjoys playing the piano.
2. Simple present, form
Example: to like, present simple
Olumlu
Soru
Olumsuz
I like
Do I like ?
I do not like.
You like
Do you like?
You don't like.
he, she, it likes
Does he, she, it like?
He, she, it doesn't like.
we like
Do we like?
We don't like.
you like
Do you like?
You don't like.
The simple present şunlar için kullanılır:
Alışkanlıkları, değişmez gerçekleri, tekrarlanan hareketleri ya da sabit durumları, duygu ve dilekleri ifade etmek için: I smoke (alışkanlık); I work in London (değişmeyen, sabit bir durum); London is a large city (gerçek)
Talimatlar ya da yön tarifleri için : You walk for two hundred metres, then you turn left.
Şimdi ve gelecekte saatleri belirlenmiş düzenlemeler için: Your exam starts at 09.00
after, when, before, as soon as, until gibi bağlaçlardan sonra gelecek zaman ifadelerinde: He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.
DİKKAT! The simple present şimdi, şu anda, içinde bulunduğumuz zamandaki olayları anlatmak için kullanmayınız.. Bunun için bakınız "Present Continuous Tense".
Examples:
For habits He drinks tea at breakfast. She only eats fish. They watch television regularly.
For repeated actions or events We catch the bus every morning. It rains every afternoon in the hot season. They drive to Monaco every summer.
For general truths Water freezes at zero degrees. The Earth revolves around the Sun. Her mother is Peruvian.
For instructions or directions Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water. You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford.
For fixed arrangements His mother arrives tomorrow. Our holiday starts on the 26th March
With future constructions She'll see you before sheleaves. We'll give it to her when she arrives.
Present continuous tense iki bölümden oluşur - Özneden sonra olmak Fiili ( verb to be: am is are ) kullanılır + fiil'e ing takısı eklenir..
Olumlu
Özne
+ to be
+ fiil+ ing
she
is
talking
Olumsuz
Özne
+ to be + not
+ fiil + ing
she
is not (isn't)
talking
Soru
to be
+ Özne
+ fiil+ ing
is
she
talking?
Example: to go, present continuous
Olumlu
Olumsuz
Soru
I am going
I am not going
Am I going?
You are going
You aren't going.
Are you going?
He, she, it is going
He, she, it isn't going
Is he, she, it going?
We are going
We aren't going
Are we going?
You are going
You aren't going
Are you going?
They are going
They aren't going
Are they going?
Not: Olumsuz şekilde kısaltmalar aşağıdaki gibi de yapılabilir: I'm not going, you're not going, he's not going etc.
2. Kurallar:
Present Continuous Tense'in kullanımı aşağıdaki gibidir :
Şu anda devam etmekte olan olayları ve işleri anlatmak için kullanırız. örneğin: You are studying English now. He is listening to the music now.
İçinde bulunduğumuz zaman diliminde ilerlemekte olan olayları ve işleri anlatırız. örneğin : Are you still working for the same company? More and more people are becoming vegetarian.
Gelecekle ilgili tasarlanmış ve planlanmış işleri anlatmak için kullanırız. Örneğin: We're going on holiday tomorrow . I'm meeting my boyfriend tonight. Are they visiting you next winter?
Geçici bir durumu ve olayı anlatmak için kullanırız. Örneğin: He usually plays the piano, but he's playing the guitar tonight. The weather forecast was good, but it's snowing now.
'always, forever, constantly' gibi zarflarla tekrarlanan ve normali aşmış alışkanlıkları ifade etmek ya da vurgulamak için kullanırız. Örneğin: Harry and Sally are always arguing! You're forever complaining about your mother-in-law! You're constantly losing your key!
DİKKAT! Bazı fiiller Present Continuous Tense'de kullanılmazlar. Bu fiiller aşağıda açıklanmıştır.
Türkçe'de karşıtı bulunmayan bu zaman Türk öğrenciler tarafından kavranması oldukca güç olmaktadır. Bu zaman iki ögeden meydana gelmektedir. Birincisi aynen geniş zamanda kullandığımız şekliyle 'have' yardımcı fiilidir. İkincisi ise esas fiil olarak kullanacağımız fiilin ücüncü şeklidir. Fiilin ücüncü şekli fiile -ed eklenerek yapılan Regular Verbs (Düzenli Fiiler) ya da fiilin değişime uğradığı Irregular Verbs (Düzensiz Fiiller)'dir. Not: Düzensiz Fiillerin Listesi için tıklayınız.
Olumlu (Subject + have + verb 3)
I
have
studied English.
You
have
given the clues.
He
has
read the book.
She
has
visited the museum.
It
has
flown.
We
have
bought a new car.
They
have
gone to New York.
Olumsuz (Subject + have not + verb 3)
I
haven't
written the letter.
You
haven't
replied.
He
hasn't
watched the film.
She
hasn't
cooked the meal.
It
hasn't
drunk the milk.
We
haven't
asked the question.
They
haven't
completed the construction.
Soru (Have + Subject + Verb 3)
Have
I
asked that question?
Have
You
read the newspaper?
Has
he
clarified the problem?
Has
she
had an accident?
Has
it
climbed the wall?
Have
we
solve the problem?
Have
they
sold the house?
Olumsuz Soru (Have not + subject + verb 3)
Haven't
I
read that book?
Haven't
You
painted the room?
Hasn't
he
known that?
Hasn't
she
played the piano?
Hasn't
it
worked out?
Haven't
we
warned them?
Haven't
they
gone to the meeting?
Örnek 1:to work,
Olumlu
Olumsuz
Soru
I have worked
I haven't worked
Have I worked?
You have worked
You haven't worked
Have you worked?
He, she, it has worked
He, she, it hasn't worked
Has he,she,it worked
We have worked
We haven't worked
Have we worked?
You have worked
You haven't worked
Have you worked?
They have worked
They haven't worked
Have they worked?
Örnek 2:to go,
Olumlu
Olumsuz
Soru
I have gone
I haven't gone
Have I gone?
You have gone
You haven't gone
Have you gone?
He, she, it has gone
He, she, it hasn't gone
Has he,she,it gone
We have gone
We haven't gone
Have we gone?
You have gone
You haven't gone
Have you gone?
They have gone
They haven't gone
Have they gone?
2. Kullanım Present Perfect Tense geçmiş ile şu an arasındaki bağlantıyı göstermek için kullanılır. Eylem daha önce başlamıştır ama belirsizdir ve eylemin kendisinden çok sonucu önemlidir.
Present perfect Tense'in kullanılışı:
1. Hal ya da eylem geçmişte başlamıştır ve şu anda devam etmektedir. Örneğin: I have lived in Afyon since 1995 (= and I still do.)
2. Bir süredir devam eden eylem henüz tamamlanmamıştır. Örneğin: Shehas beento the theatre five times this week(= and the month isn't over yet.)
3. Geçmiş ile şu an arasında belirsiz bir zaman diliminde tekrarlanan bir eylemi anlatır. Örneğin: Wehave visited Cyprus several times.
4.Çok yakın bir geçmişte tamamlanmış bir eylemi anlatır. (just zarfı ile ifade edilir.) Örneğin: Ihave just finishedmy homework.
5. Zamanı önemsiz olan bir eylemi anlatır. Örneğin: He has read'Great Gatsby'. (Kitabın okunması yani sonuç önemlidir.)
Önemli Not:when, where, who sorularına ayrıntılı cevaplar vermek istediğimizde , simple past tense kullanırız.. Örneğin: Heread'Great Gatsby'last week.
Örnekler:
1. Geçmişte başlamış ve şu anda devam eden eylemler. a. They haven't lived here for years. b. She has worked in the bank for five years. c. We have had the same car for ten years. d. Have you played the piano since you were a child?
2. Bir süredir devam eden ve tamamlanmamış eylemler. a. I have worked hard this week. b. It has raineda lot this year. c. We haven't seen her today.
3. Geçmiş ile şu an arasında belirsiz bir zaman diliminde tekrarlanan eylemler. a. They have seen that film four times. b. It has happenedseveral times already. c. She has visited them frequently. d. We have drunk coffee at that cafe many times.
4.Yakın geçmişte tamamlanmış eylemler (+just). a. Have you just finished work? b. I have just eaten. c. We have just watched the program. d. Has he just arrive?
5. Zamanı belirsiz ya da önemsiz olan eylemler. a. Someonehas eaten my cake! b. Have you seen'Life's an Adventure? c. She's studiedGeograpy, Maths and Science.
The adverbs ever and never express the idea of an unidentified time before now (Ever ve Never Şu andan itibaren daha önce belirsiz bir zamanda olan işleri ifade eder.)
Example: Have you ever visited Berlin? Yes, I have. Have you ever visited Paris? No, never.
'Ever' is used ('Ever' aşağıdaki gibi kullanılır.)
a. in questions. (Soru cümlelerinde kullanılır.) Example : Have you ever been to England? Has she ever met the Prime Minister?
b.in negative questions (Olumsuz soru cümlelerinde kullanılır.) Example: Haven't they everbeen to Europe? Haven't youever eaten Chinese food?
c. and in negative statements using the pattern nothing.......ever , nobody.......ever (ve 'Nothing .... ever' ile 'Nobody....ever' kalıplarıyla olumsuz ifadelerde kullanılır.) Example: Nobody has ever said that to me before. Nothing like this has ever happened to us.
d.'Ever' is also used with 'The first time.... (Ever İlk kez yaptığımız işler için de kullanılır.) Example: It's the first time (that) I've ever eaten snails. This is the first time I've ever been to England.
'Never' means at no time before now, and is the same as not ..... ever: (Never daha önce hiç bir zaman anlamına gelir. Not ....ever ile aynıdır.)
I have never visited Berlin
BE CAREFUL! You must not use never and not together: (Dikkat edin. Never ile Not birlikte kullanılamaz.)
I haven't never been to Italy. I have never been to Italy.
Position: 'Ever' and 'never' are always placed before the main verb (past participle). (Ever ve Never daima esas fiilden önce kullanılır.)
Already and yet:
Already
Already refers to an action that has happened at an unspecified time before now. It suggests that there is no need for repetition, (Already daha önce belirsiz bir zamanda olmuş bir eylemi bildirir ve onun tekrar edilmesinin gereksiz olduğunu ifade eder.) Örnek a. I've already drunk three coffees this morning . (and you're offering me another one!) b. Don't write to John, I've already done it.
It is also used in questions: a. Have you already written to John? b. Has she finished her homework already?
Position: already can be placed before the main verb (past participle) or at the end of the sentence: (Already esas fiilden önce ya da cümlenin sonunda kullanılır.) a. I have already been to Tokyo. b . I have been to Tokyo already.
Yet
yet is used in negative statements and questions, to mean (not) in the period of time between before now and now, (not) up to and including the present. (Yet soru ve olumsuz cümlelerde kullanılır. Biraz önce olmasını beklediğimiz olayların gerçekleşmediğini ifade eder ya da sorarız.) a. Have you met Judy yet? b. I haven't visited the Tate Gallery yet. c. Has he arrivedyet? d. They haven't eaten yet.
Position:Yet is usually placed at the end of the sentence. (Yet daima cümlenin sonunda kullanılır.)