I N T E R M E D I A T E (Orta Düzey İngilizce Dersler)

Ders İçeriği Aşağıdaki Gibidir:

TENSES
Imperatives
Simple Present Tense 1
Simple Present Tense 2
Simple Present Tense 3
Simple Past Tense 1
Simple Past Tense 2
Present Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense 1
Present Perfect Tense 2
Be Going To
Will and Shall

ZAMANLAR
Zaman Tabloları
Örnek Cümlelerle Zamanlar

DERSLER
Passive Voice 1
Conditionals
Prepositions




Imperatives

16/11/2008 · Kategori: Ingilizce Dersler _Orta_

EMİR CÜMLELERİ

IMPERATIVE   (Go, Don't go)


1- These are imperatives: Bunlar emir cümleleridir.
Go. Help. Come. Wait.
We use the imperatives like this: Emir cümlerini bu şekilde kullanırız:
Come in! Have a cup of tea.
Turn left at the post office.
Don't touch! It's hot.

Note that sometimes the imperatives are one word, but often we give more information:
Dikkat ediniz emir cümleleri bazen tek bir kelimedir fakat genelde biz daha fazla bilgi veririz.
Help!
Help me!
Help me with my suitcase.

We can say please after an imperative to be more polite:
Daha nazik olmak için emir cümlerinin sonunda Please kullanırız.
Help me with my suitcase, please.
Hurry up, please. We're late.
Come here, please.
Listen to me, please.

2- We use Do not or Don't like this: Olumsuz emir cümlelerini bu şekilde kullanırız.
Don't be late.
Don't forget your books!
Don't wait for me.

We normally use the short form Don't

3- We use the imperative: Emir cümlerini kullanırız:
  • to give instructions:
  • Talimatlar vermek için
    Turn right at he corner.
    Don't forget your passport.

  • to give warnings:
  • Uyarılar vermek için
    Look out! There's a car coming.
    Be careful! That box is too heavy.

  • To give advice:
  • Öğüt vermek için
    Have a rest. You look tired.
    Take a coat. It's cold today.
    Don't see that film. It's terrible!

  • to ask people to do things:
  • İnsanlardan birşey yapmalarını istemek için
    Come in please, and sit down.
    Listen to this song. It's wonderful.
    Pass the butter, please.

  • to make offers:
  • Teklifler yapmak için
    Have another orange juice.
    Make yourself a cup of coffee.

  • to 'wish' things:
  • Birşeyler dilemek için
    Have a good trip!
    Have a nice holiday!

    EXERCISES (ALIŞTIRMALAR)


      A. Test. Boşluğa hangi emir cümleri gelmelidir?
    1. ........... for me. I'm not coming tonight.
    ADon't forget    BDon't wait    CDon't listen to me    DDon't be late    
    2. ............. an umbrella with you. It's raining.
    AOpen     BCome     CPass     DTake    
    3. ........... a rest. You look tired.
    ACatch     BTake     CHave     DCome    
    4................ at the end of the road.
    ATurn left     BCome in     CHelp me!     DStop the car!    
    5. ............. to take your passport.
    ADon't listen     BDon't be late     CDon't forget     DDon't listen    
    6.............. There's a cat in the road.
    ADon't be late!     BStop the car!     CTurn right!     DOpen the door!    
    7. ............. to my party, please.
    ADon't wait     BDon't listen     CPass     DCome    
    8. ............. the salt, please.
    ATake     BPass     CCatch     DCome    
    9. ............. The bus leaves at 9 o'clock.
    ADon't be late!     BStop the car!     CHelp me!     DDon't talk!    
    10. ............. the first train in the morning.
    AHave     BTurn left     CCatch     DOpen    
       



    B- Steven is writing a letter to a friend. Find the suitable verbs.


    20, Sea Parade
    Brighton

    Dear Paul,

    0 and see me next weekend. I'm staying in a house by the sea. Don't 1 to bring your swimming trunks with you! It isn't difficult to find the house. When you get to the crossroads in the town, 2 right and drive to the end of the road. 3 careful because it is a dangerous road! 4 some warm clothes with you because it is cold in the evenings here. If I am not at home when you arrive, don't 5 for me. The key to the house is under the big white stone in the garden. 6 the front door and 7 yourself a cup of tea in the kitchen! 8 a good journey!

    Best Wishes,

    Steven


    CEVAPLAR:

    B: 1- forget 2- turn , 3- be , 4- bring, 5- wait , 6- open , 7- make , 8- have ,

    SIMPLE PRESENT BE 1


    1- Simple Present Tense'in BE fiiline örnek birkaç cümle:

    This is my brother. He's ten years old.
    I'm a student. These are my books.
    They aren't at home. They're at the theatre.

    2- Simple Present Tense BE fiilin cümledeki kullanım şekilleri şöyledir:

    Olumlu

    Olumsuz

    Soru

    I am a student.

    I am not a student.

    Am I a student?

    You are a teacher.

    You aren't a teacher.

    Are you a teacher?

    He is a doctor.

    He isn't a doctor.

    Is he a doctor?

    She is a nurse.

    She isn't a nurse.

    Is she a nurse?

    It is a cat.

    It isn't a cat.

    Is it a cat?

    We are happy.

    We aren't happy.

    Are we happy?

    They are in England.

    They aren't in England.

    Are they in England?



    3- Konuşmalarda genellikle kısaltmalar yaparız.
    Örneğin:
    She's my sister. He's my brother. I'm from Italy. They're German.


    4- Simple Present Tense BE aşağıdaki durumlarda kullanılır:

  • Kim olduğumuzu anlatırız:

  • I'm Erkan and this is my friend Mustafa. We're from Turkey.
  • Hava durumunu anlatırız:

  • It's cold today.
    It's a beautiful day.
    It's usually hot here!
    It isn't very warm today.
  • Zamanı anlatırız:

  • It's ten o'clock.
    It's half past four.
    You're late!
  • Mekanı anlatırız:

  • Milan is in the north of Italy.
    John and Mary are in Yorkshire.
  • İnsanların yaşlarını anlatırız:

  • My sister is seven years old.

    EXERCISES (ALIŞTIRMALAR)


    A- Chris is from Brazil. She is writing about herself and her family. Put full forms of be in the gaps.
    Example (Örnek) :

    I a student from Brazil.
    My parent's rich.

    1- My father a teacher.
    2- My mother Brazilian.
    3- She from America.
    4- I twenty years old.
    5- My little brother two.
    6- My older brothers students.
    7- They in the army.
    8- It often very hot in Brazil.

    B- Now fill these gaps. This time, use short forms of be, as in the examples.
    Example (Örnek) :

    I a doctor.
    I a bank manager.

    1- He a student.
    2- She a teacher.
    3- They at home.
    4- They in the bank.
    5- It very cold.
    6- It cold today.
    7- We from Paris.
    8- We from Bordeaux.
    9-You twenty-four.
    10- I twenty-one.



    CEVAPLAR:

    A: 1- is 2- is not, 3- is , 4- am , 5- is , 6- are not , 7- are , 8- is ,
    B: 1- 's 2- 's, 3- 're , 4- aren't , 5- 's , 6- isn't , 7- 're , 8- aren't , 9- 're , 10- 'm not ,

    PRESENT SIMPLE 2
    BE


    1- Simple Present Tense'in BE fiilini aşağıdaki durumlarda kullanırız:

  • Hislerimizi anlatırız:

  • I'm happy.                They're sad.
    They're bored.          She's tired.
    We'rehungry.            I'm thirsty.
    He isn'tafraid.          Theyre cold.
  • Hal hatır sorarız:

  • John:Hello, How are you?
    Mary:I'm fine thanks. How are you?
  • Özür dileriz:

  • John:I'm sorry I'm late.
    Mary:It doesn't matter.
  • Cisimler ve olaylar hakkında açıklamalar yaparız:

  • It isn't expensive. It's cheap.
    It's an old film. It isn't very good.
    That car is very old.
    There photos are bad.

    2- Cisimlerin nerede olduklarını anlatmak için There + be (there is, there are) kullanırız:

    Singular

    Plural

    There's a supermarket in this street

    There is a telephone in the flat

    There are some good cafes in the centre of the town.

    There are some flowers in the garden.


  • Aynı zamanda taşıma araçlarının zamanını bildirirken de There + be kullanırız :

  • There isa bus to London at 7 o'clock.
    There are taxis, but there aren't any buses on Sunday.
    There isn't another train to Manchester today.

    3- Be fiilinin soru şeklini aşağıdaki gibi yaparız:

    Singular

    Plural

    Am I late?
    Are you late?
    Is he/she/it late?

    Are we late?
    Are you late?
    Are they late?


  • İşte size BE fiili ile ilgili tüm soru örnekleri:


  • Am I late for the film?
    Are you twenty years old?
    Is he at home now?
    Is she French or Italian?
    Is it time to go home?
    Are we ready to leave?
    Are you both at university?
    Are they in Londan today?

    EXERCISES (ALIŞTIRMALAR)


    A- Küçük bir kasabada bulabileceğimiz ve bulamıyacağımız şeyler için
    There + be kullanarak ifade ediniz.

    Example (Örnek) :
    (+) a cinema.
    (-)  a river.
    (+) ten restaurants.
    (-)  any museums.

    1- (-)   a castle.
    2- (+) tow baker's shops.
    3- (+) a zoo.
    4- (+) six banks.
    5- (+) a luxury hotel.
    6- (-)   a theatre.
    7- (+) six newsagents.
    8- (-)   many tourists.


    B- Verilen kelimeleri kullanarak düzgün soru cümleleri yapınız.
    Example (Örnek) :

    ( thirsty - you - are )          

    1- ( a teacher - you - are )         
    2- (they - bored - are )              
    3- ( is - afraid - he )                   
    4- ( she - tired - is )                   
    5- ( are - you - how )                 
    6- ( cold today - it - is)              
    7- ( she - Spanish - is )              
    8- ( they - from London - are )    

    C- Parantez içinde verilen kelimeleri kullanarak düzgün soru cümleleri yapınız.
    Example (Örnek) :

    ( you/Spanish )                    No, I'm French

    1- ( you/hungry )                         No, I'm thirsty.
    2- (she/your sister)                   No, she's my mother.
    3-(I/late)                                           No, you're on time.
    4- (they/from America)      No, they're from Canada.
    5- ( he/a tennis player)         No, he's a footballer.
    6- ( you/happy)                            No, I'm sad.
    7- ( she/at home)                        No, she's at work.
    8- ( he/twenty )                              No, he's eighteen years old.



    CEVAPLAR: A: 1- There isn't 2- There are , 3- There is , 4- There are , 5- There is , 6- There isn't , 7- There are , 8- There aren't ,

    SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

    ( GENİŞ ZAMAN )

    Third person singular (Üçüncü tekil şahıslar)

    Note:

    1. he, she, it: üçüncü tekil şahıslarında fiilin sonuna -s: eklenir.
      he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.

    2. Olumsuz ve soru şekillerinde DOES yardımcı fiili eklenir + fiil yalın haldedir.
      He wants. Does he want? He does not want.

    3. Sonu -y ile biten fiillerde -s eklenirken -y kalkarak -i'ye dönüşür ve böylece -ies olarak kullanılır:
      fly - flies, cry - cries

      İstisna
      : -y den önce sesli harf varsa bu değişiklik olmaz:
      play - plays, pray - prays

    4. Sonu -ss, -x, -sh, -ch ile biten fiillere -es eklenir:
      he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes

    Examples:

    1. Third person singular with s or -es

    a. He goes to school every morning.
    b. She understands English.
    c. It mixes the sand and the water.
    d. He tries very hard.
    e. She enjoys playing the piano.

    2. Simple present, form

    Example: to like, present simple

    Olumlu

    Soru

    Olumsuz

    I like

    Do I like ?

    I do not like.

    You like

    Do you like?

    You don't like.

    he, she, it likes

    Does he, she, it like?

    He, she, it doesn't like.

    we like

    Do we like?

    We don't like.

    you like

    Do you like?

    You don't like.

    The simple present şunlar için kullanılır:

    1. Alışkanlıkları, değişmez gerçekleri, tekrarlanan hareketleri ya da sabit durumları, duygu ve dilekleri ifade etmek için:
      I smoke (alışkanlık); I work in London (değişmeyen, sabit bir durum); London is a large city (gerçek)

    2. Talimatlar ya da yön tarifleri için :
      You walk for two hundred metres, then you turn left.

    3. Şimdi ve gelecekte saatleri belirlenmiş düzenlemeler için:
      Your exam starts at 09.00

    4. after, when, before, as soon as, until gibi bağlaçlardan sonra gelecek zaman ifadelerinde:
      He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.

    DİKKAT! The simple present şimdi, şu anda, içinde bulunduğumuz zamandaki olayları anlatmak için kullanmayınız.. Bunun için bakınız  "Present Continuous Tense".

    Examples:

    1. For habits
      He drinks tea at breakfast.
      She only eats fish.
      They watch television regularly.

    2. For repeated actions or events
      We catch the bus every morning.
      It rains every afternoon in the hot season.
      They drive to Monaco every summer.

    3. For general truths
      Water freezes at zero degrees.
      The Earth revolves around the Sun.
      Her mother is Peruvian.

    4. For instructions or directions
      Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.
      You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford.

    5. For fixed arrangements
      His mother arrives tomorrow.
      Our holiday starts on the 26th March

    6. With future constructions
      She'll see you before she leaves.
      We'll give it to her when she arrives.

    SIMPLE PAST: BE (I was, they were)


    1- We form the Past Simple of be like this. Geçmiş zaman Be fiili aşağıdaki gibi kullanılır.

    Olumlu

    Olumsuz

    Soru

    I was happy.

    I wasn't happy.

    Was I happy?

    You were sad.

    You weren't a teacher.

    Were you sad?

    He was tired.

    He wasn't tired.

    Was he tired?

    She was excited.

    She wasn't excited.

    Was she excited?

    It was hungry.

    It wasn't hungry.

    Was it hungry?

    We were in Bodrum.

    We weren't in Bodrum.

    Were we in Bodrum?

    They were burglars.

    They weren't burglars.

    Were they burglars?



    Here are some examples with was and were: İşte was ve were ile ilgili birkaç örnek cümle:
  • I was in New York last week.

  • We were at home yesterday evening.

  • They weren't late this morning.

  • Was it a good film?



  • 2- We use was/were when we are talking about the past. Look at these examples: Geçmişten bahsediyorken was/were kullanırız. Bu örneklere bakınız:

    a) was/were + facts about the past: was/were + geçmiş ile ilgili gerçekler:
  • John F. Kennedy was an American president.

  • Our first house was in the centre of town.

  • A: Were your answers correct?
        B:
    No, they were all wrong!



  • b) was/were + place and time: was/were + yer ve zaman:

       + PLACE + TIME
    We were in Spain in June
    She wasn't at home last night


    c) was/were + adjective (e.g. cold, tired): was/were + sıfat (örn. soğuk, yorgun):
  • It was cold yesterday.

  • They were tired after the journey.

  • The train was late again this morning.

  • A: Were your exams easy?
        B: The first exam was easy, but the second one wasn't.

  • PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
    ŞİMDİKİ ZAMAN

    1. Biçim

    Present continuous tense iki bölümden oluşur - Özneden sonra olmak Fiili ( verb to be: am is are ) kullanılır + fiil'e ing takısı eklenir..

    Olumlu

    Özne

    + to be

    + fiil+ ing

    she

    is

    talking

         

    Olumsuz

    Özne

    + to be + not

    + fiil + ing

    she

    is not (isn't)

    talking

         

    Soru

    to be

    + Özne

    + fiil+ ing

    is

    she

    talking?

    Example: to go, present continuous

    Olumlu

    Olumsuz

    Soru

    I am going

    I am not going

    Am I going?

    You are going

    You aren't going.

    Are you going?

    He, she, it is going

    He, she, it isn't going

    Is he, she, it going?

    We are going

    We aren't going

    Are we going?

    You are going

    You aren't going

    Are you going?

    They are going

    They aren't going

    Are they going?

    Not: Olumsuz şekilde kısaltmalar aşağıdaki gibi de yapılabilir:
    I'm not going,
    you're not going,
    he's not going etc.

    2. Kurallar:

    Present Continuous Tense'in kullanımı aşağıdaki gibidir :

    • Şu anda devam etmekte olan olayları ve işleri anlatmak için kullanırız.
      örneğin:
      You are studying English now.
      He is listening to the music now.

    • İçinde bulunduğumuz zaman diliminde ilerlemekte olan olayları ve işleri anlatırız.
      örneğin :
      Are you still working for the same company?
      More and more people are becoming vegetarian.

    • Gelecekle ilgili tasarlanmış ve planlanmış işleri anlatmak için kullanırız.
      Örneğin:
      We're going on holiday tomorrow .
      I'm meeting my boyfriend tonight.
      Are they visiting you next winter?

    • Geçici bir durumu ve olayı anlatmak için kullanırız.
      Örneğin:
      He usually plays the piano, but he's playing the guitar tonight.
      The weather forecast was good, but it's snowing now.

    • 'always, forever, constantly' gibi zarflarla tekrarlanan ve normali aşmış alışkanlıkları ifade etmek ya da vurgulamak için kullanırız.
      Örneğin:
      Harry and Sally are always arguing!
      You're forever complaining about your mother-in-law!
      You're constantly losing your key!

    DİKKAT! Bazı fiiller Present Continuous Tense'de kullanılmazlar. Bu fiiller aşağıda açıklanmıştır.

    3. Present Continuous Tense'te Kullanılmayan Fiiller

    Aşağıda listelenmiş fiiller Şimdiki Zamanda kullanılmazlar, Çünkü bu fiiller hareket ve olayları değil zihinsel düşünce ve ifadeleri anlatırlar:

    List of common verbs normally used in simple form:

    Duyularımız / Algılama
    feel*, hear, see, smell, taste
    Fikirler

    assume, believe, consider, doubt, feel (= think), find (= consider), suppose, think*

    Zihinsel İfadeler

    forget, imagine, know, mean, notice, recognise, remember, understand

    Heyecan, Arzu, Emel

    envy, fear, dislike, hate, hope, like, love, mind, prefer, regret, want, wish

    Ölçüler

    contain, cost, hold, measure, weigh

    Diğerleri

    look (=resemble), seem, be (in most cases), have (when it means to possess)*

    Notlar:

    1. Algılama Fiilleri (see, hear, feel, taste, smell) çoğunlukla 'can' ile kullanılırlar.
    Örneğin: I can see... I can hear...

    2. * Bu fiiller Present Continuous Tense'de kullanılabilir fakat farklı bir anlamda. Karşılaştırın:

    a. This coat feels nice and warm. (= burada paltonun kalitesini algılıyorsunuz)
    b. John's feeling much better now (= John'un sağlığı iyiye gidiyor)

    a. She has three dogs and a cat. (=sahiplik)
    b. She's having supper. (= akşam yemeği yiyor)

    a. I can see Anthony in the garden (=algılama)
    b. I'm seeing Anthony later (= Buluşmayı planlıyoruz)

    Örnekler:

    • I wish I was in Greece now.
    • She wants to see him now.
    • I don't understand why he is shouting.
    • I feel we are making a mistake.
    • This glass holds half a litre.

    PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

    1.Present Perfect Tense'in Yapısı:

    Türkçe'de karşıtı bulunmayan bu zaman Türk öğrenciler tarafından kavranması oldukca güç olmaktadır. Bu zaman iki ögeden meydana gelmektedir. Birincisi aynen geniş zamanda kullandığımız şekliyle 'have' yardımcı fiilidir. İkincisi ise esas fiil olarak kullanacağımız fiilin ücüncü şeklidir.
    Fiilin ücüncü şekli fiile -ed eklenerek yapılan Regular Verbs (Düzenli Fiiler) ya da fiilin değişime uğradığı Irregular Verbs (Düzensiz Fiiller)'dir.
    Not: Düzensiz Fiillerin Listesi için tıklayınız.


    Olumlu (Subject + have + verb 3)

    I

    have

    studied English.

    You

    have

    given the clues.

    He

    has

    read the book.

    She

    has

    visited the museum.

    It

    has

    flown.

    We

    have

    bought a new car.

    They

    have

    gone to New York.

    Olumsuz (Subject + have not + verb 3)

    I

    haven't

    written the letter.

    You

    haven't

    replied.

    He

    hasn't

    watched the film.

    She

    hasn't

    cooked the meal.

    It

    hasn't

    drunk the milk.

    We

    haven't

    asked the question.

    They

    haven't

    completed the construction.

    Soru (Have + Subject + Verb 3)

    Have

    I

    asked that question?

    Have

    You

    read the newspaper?

    Has

    he

    clarified the problem?

    Has

    she

    had an accident?

    Has

    it

    climbed the wall?

    Have

    we

    solve the problem?

    Have

    they

    sold the house?

    Olumsuz Soru (Have not + subject + verb 3)
    Haven't I read that book?
    Haven't You painted the room?
    Hasn't he known that?
    Hasn't she played the piano?
    Hasn't it worked out?
    Haven't we warned them?
    Haven't they gone to the meeting?

    Örnek 1: to work,

    Olumlu

    Olumsuz

    Soru

    I have worked

    I haven't worked

    Have I worked?

    You have worked

    You haven't worked

    Have you worked?

    He, she, it has worked

    He, she, it hasn't worked

    Has he,she,it worked

    We have worked

    We haven't worked

    Have we worked?

    You have worked

    You haven't worked

    Have you worked?

    They have worked

    They haven't worked

    Have they worked?


    Örnek 2: to go,

    Olumlu

    Olumsuz

    Soru

    I have gone

    I haven't gone

    Have I gone?

    You have gone

    You haven't gone

    Have you gone?

    He, she, it has gone

    He, she, it hasn't gone

    Has he,she,it gone

    We have gone

    We haven't gone

    Have we gone?

    You have gone

    You haven't gone

    Have you gone?

    They have gone

    They haven't gone

    Have they gone?

    2. Kullanım
    Present Perfect Tense geçmiş ile şu an arasındaki bağlantıyı göstermek için kullanılır. Eylem daha önce başlamıştır ama belirsizdir ve eylemin kendisinden çok sonucu önemlidir.

    Present perfect Tense'in kullanılışı:

    1. Hal ya da eylem geçmişte başlamıştır ve şu anda devam etmektedir.
    Örneğin: I have lived in Afyon since 1995 (= and I still do.)

    2. Bir süredir devam eden eylem henüz tamamlanmamıştır.
    Örneğin: She has been to the theatre five times this week (= and the month isn't over yet.)

    3. Geçmiş ile şu an arasında belirsiz bir zaman diliminde tekrarlanan bir eylemi anlatır.
    Örneğin: We have visited Cyprus several times.

    4.Çok yakın bir geçmişte tamamlanmış bir eylemi anlatır. (just zarfı ile ifade edilir.)
    Örneğin: I have just finished my homework.

    5. Zamanı önemsiz olan bir eylemi anlatır.
    Örneğin: He has read 'Great Gatsby'. (Kitabın okunması yani sonuç önemlidir.)

    Önemli Not: when, where, who sorularına ayrıntılı cevaplar vermek istediğimizde , simple past tense kullanırız..
    Örneğin: He read 'Great Gatsby' last week.

    Örnekler:

    1. Geçmişte başlamış ve şu anda devam eden eylemler.
    a. They haven't lived here for years.
    b. She has worked in the bank for five years.
    c. We have had the same car for ten years.
    d. Have you played the piano since you were a child?

    2. Bir süredir devam eden ve tamamlanmamış eylemler.
    a. I have worked hard this week.
    b. It has rained a lot this year.
    c. We haven't seen her today.

    3. Geçmiş ile şu an arasında belirsiz bir zaman diliminde tekrarlanan eylemler.
    a. They have seen that film four times.
    b. It has happened several times already.
    c. She has visited them frequently.
    d. We have drunk coffee at that cafe many times.

    4.Yakın geçmişte tamamlanmış eylemler (+just).
    a. Have you just finished work?
    b. I have just eaten.
    c. We have just watched the program.
    d. Has he just arrive?

    5. Zamanı belirsiz ya da önemsiz olan eylemler.
    a. Someone has eaten my cake!
    b. Have you seen 'Life's an Adventure?
    c. She's studied Geograpy, Maths and Science.


    PRESENT PERFECT + ever, never, already, yet

    The adverbs ever and never express the idea of an unidentified time before now
    (Ever ve Never Şu andan itibaren daha önce belirsiz bir zamanda olan işleri ifade eder.)

    Example:
    Have you ever visited Berlin? Yes, I have.
    Have you ever visited Paris? No, never.
    'Ever' is used
    ('Ever' aşağıdaki gibi kullanılır.)

    a. in questions. (Soru cümlelerinde kullanılır.)
    Example :
    Have you ever been to England?
    Has she
    ever met the Prime Minister?

    b.in negative questions (Olumsuz soru cümlelerinde kullanılır.)
    Example:
    Haven't they ever been to Europe?
    Haven't you
    ever eaten Chinese food?

    c. and in negative statements using the pattern nothing.......ever , nobody.......ever
    (ve 'Nothing .... ever' ile 'Nobody....ever' kalıplarıyla olumsuz ifadelerde kullanılır.)

    Example:
    Nobody has ever said that to me before.
    Nothing like this has ever happened to us.

    d.'Ever' is also used with 'The first time....
    (Ever İlk kez yaptığımız işler için de kullanılır.)
    Example:
    It's the first time (that) I've
    ever eaten snails.
    This is the first time I've ever been to England.

    'Never' means at no time before now, and is the same as not ..... ever:
    (Never daha önce hiç bir zaman anlamına gelir. Not ....ever ile aynıdır.)

    I have never visited Berlin

    BE CAREFUL!
    You must not use never and not together:
    (Dikkat edin. Never ile Not birlikte kullanılamaz.)

    I haven't never been to Italy.
    I have never been to Italy.

    Position: 'Ever' and 'never' are always placed before the main verb (past participle).
    (Ever ve Never daima esas fiilden önce kullanılır.)

    Already and yet:

    Already
    Already refers to an action that has happened at an unspecified time before now. It suggests that there is no need for repetition,
    (Already daha önce belirsiz bir zamanda olmuş bir eylemi bildirir ve onun tekrar edilmesinin gereksiz olduğunu ifade eder.)
    Örnek

    a. I've already drunk three coffees this morning . (and you're offering me another one!)
    b. Don't write to John, I've
    already done it.

    It is also used in questions:
    a. Have you
    already written to John?
    b. Has she finished her homework
    already?

    Position: already can be placed before the main verb (past participle) or at the end of the sentence:
    (Already esas fiilden önce ya da cümlenin sonunda kullanılır.)
    a. I have
    already been to Tokyo.
    b . I have been to Tokyo already.

    Yet
    yet is used in negative statements and questions, to mean (not) in the period of time between before now and now, (not) up to and including the present.
    (Yet soru ve olumsuz cümlelerde kullanılır. Biraz önce olmasını beklediğimiz olayların gerçekleşmediğini ifade eder ya da sorarız.)
    a. Have you met Judy
    yet?
    b. I haven't visited the Tate Gallery yet.
    c. Has he arrived
    yet?
    d. They haven't eaten yet.

    Position: Yet is usually placed at the end of the sentence. (Yet daima cümlenin sonunda kullanılır.)


    Be Going To

    16/11/2008 · Kategori: Ingilizce Dersler _Orta_

    FUTURE WITH GOING TO
    (GOING TO İLE GELECEK ZAMAN)


    1. 'Going to' yapısı üç bölümden oluşur:
    (1) to be  +  (2) going to  +  (3)  esas fiil

    Subject

    'to be'

    going to

    infinitive

    I

    am

    going to

    leave

    He

    is

    going to

    leave

    She

    is

    going to

    leave

    It

    is

    going to

    leave

    We

    are

    going to

    leave

    You

    are

    going to

    leave

    They

    are

    going to

    leave

    2. 'Going to' cümleleri  şu an ile çok yakın ilişkisi vardır ve gelecekten bahsederken zaman değil olay daha çok önemlidir.
    'Be going to'  ile :

    a) Planlarımızı ve niyetlerimizi ifade ederiz.
    We're going to move to London next year. (= gelecekteki planım bu.)

    b) Şu anda elimizdeki kanıtlar doğrultusunda kuvvetli tahminler yapmak:
    Look at black clouds - it's going to rain! (= kesin olacağını gözümle görebiliyorum.)

    Not : Günlük konuşmalarda özellikle Amerikan İngilizce'sinde going to 'gonna' şeklinde kısaltılabilir.

    I am gonna work all night long.

    We're gonna play tennis.

    More examples:

    Plans and Intentions:(Plan ve niyetler)
    a. Is John going to buy a new car soon?
    b. Are John and Mary going to visit Blue Mosque when they are in Istanbul?
    c. I think George and Lucy are going to have a party next week.

    Predictions based on present evidence: (Var olan kanıta dayalı tahmin)
    a. There's going to be a terrible accident!
    b. He's going to be a brilliant politician.
    c. I'm going to have terrible indigestion.


    NOT : 'I'm going to go to...' şeklinde ifade tercih edilmez.
    Onun yerine Present Continuous Tense - 'going to' + a place or event şeklinde kullanılır.

    Examples:

    We are going to the beach tomorrow.
    She is going to the ballet tonight.
    Are you going to the party tomorrow nigh
    t?

     

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