E L E M E N T A R Y  (Temel Düzey)

A - AN

 
	a : bir, herhangi bir     a book : bir kitap
	an: bir, herhangi bir     an egg : bir yumurta



	AÇIKLAMA

 	A, sessiz (ünsüz) harf ile başlayan isimlerden önce gelir.


	a book   a girl  a director  a school  a restaurant  a watch  a city 



	An, sesli (ünlü) harf ile başlayan isimlerden önce gelir. 


	an orange   an apple  an egg  an actress  an ice-cream

	Burada dikkat edilmesi gereken harf değil sesdir. Örneğin hour kelimesi sessiz harf 
    	ile başlar ama okunurken h teleffuz edilmez, /aur/ olarak telefuz edilir ve sesli olarak başlar.
    	Dolayısıyla an hour doğru cevaptır.
	İkinci bir örnek olarak da university. "u" /yu/ olarak telafuz edildiği için sessiz harf ile
	başlar ve doğru cevap a university olur.
	 
			 EXERCISES: 
			 Fill in the blanks with A or AN
		 
		1- 
      a or an
      a
      an umbrella

		2- 
      a or an
      a
      an chair

		3- 
      a or an
      a
      an country

		4- 
      a or an
      a
      an box
 
		5- 
      a or an
      a
      an engineer

		6- 
      a or an
      a
      an passport
 
		7- 
      a or an
      a
      an eraser

		8- 
      a or an
      a
      an English dictionary

		9- 
      a or an
      a
      an  computer

		10-
      a or an
      a
      an island 

		11-
      a or an
      a
      an elephant

		12-
      a or an
      a
      an watch 
 
		13-
      a or an
      a
      an orange

		14-
      a or an
      a
      an photograph 
 
		15-
      a or an
      a
      an engineer 

		16-
      a or an
      a
      an lawyer

		17-
      a or an
      a
      an fireman 

		18-
      a or an
      a
      an duster 
 
		19-
      a or an
      a
      an Italian restaurant

		20-
      a or an
      a
      an American soldier 
 
		21-
      a or an
      a
      an handkerchief

		22-
      a or an
      a
      an airplane 

		23-
      a or an
      a
      an  cup 

		24-
      a or an
      a
      an useful machine 
 
		25-
      a or an
      a
      anhour

 




 Answers: 1-an 2-a 3-a 4-a 5-an 6-a 7-an 8-an 9-a 10-an
 11-an 12-a 13-an 14-a 15-an 16-a 17-a 18-a 19-an 20-an 
 21-a 22-an 23-a 24-a  25-an 

A verb can also be a word that shows a state or condition. (I am tired).
Some state verbs are: is, are, am

the verb ("to be") usually follows a noun or pronoun.

Verb ("to be")

EXERCISES:

Select the correct verb for the following:

Answers: the verbs are: 2,3,4,6,7,8,10

THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE

1.İşlev

İşaret zamirleri this bu, that şu, these bunlar, thoseşunlar , konuşmacının nesne veya insanla olan münasebetini bildirirler.
This (singular) and these (plural) nesne veya insanın konuşmacıya yakın olduğunu bildirir. That (singular tekil) and those (plural çoğul) nesne veya insanın konuşmacıya uzak olduğunu bildirir. Bu fiziksel yakınlık ya da uzaklık olabilir. Örneğin:

Who owns that house? (uzak) Şu evin sahibi kim?
Is this John's house? (yakın) Bu John'un evi mi?

Ya da bu psikolojik bir uzaklık da olabilir. Örneğin:

That's nothing to do with me.. (uzak) Benimle hiçbir alakası yok
This is a nice surprise! (yakın) Bu ne güzel bir sürpriz!

2.Kullanım

a) Before the noun. (İsimden önce)
b) Before the word 'one'. ('one' kelimesinden önce)
c) Before an adjective + noun. (Sıfat + isimden önce)
d) Alone when the noun is 'understood'. (İsim önceden biliniyor ve anlaşılıyorsa tek başına kullanılabilir.)

Örnekler:

a)This car looks cleaner than that one.
b) This old world keeps turning round
c) Do you remember that wonderful day in June?
d) I'll never forget this.

Alıştırmalar:

Fill in the correct words in the following sentences (this, that, these, or those).

1. I don't like this that these those seat. I'm going to move to this that these those one, in the front.

2. Is this that these those your purse? You left it on this that these those bench over there.

3. this that these those shoes are not comfortable. May I try on this that these those?


Quiz:

4. I don't like this these those movie.

5. this that these pants are the wrong color.





Answers: 1. this/that 2. this/that 3. These/those 4. this 5. these

NOUNS (İsimler)

USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS WITH NOUNS (Büyük Harflerin İsimlerle Kullanımı)

Capital letters are used with:

PREPOSITIONS    IN, ON, AT

Türkçe'de -de, -da anlamlarına gelen In, On, At edatlarının zaman zarfları ile kullanımını tek tek inceleyelim.

IN

1. in ile günün üç bölümü kullanılır. (in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening.)

I get up at seven o'clock in the mornings.

We are going to play tennis in the afternoon.

They are coming to the party in the evening.

2. in ile aylar kullanılır. in January, in March, in December.

My birthday is in February.

Schools start in September.

It rains a lot in November.

3. in ile mevsimler kullanılır. (in Spring, in Summer, in Autumn.)

The weather is warm in Spring.

The weather is hot in Summer.

The weather is cold in Winter.

3. in ile yıllar kullanılır. (in 1995, in 2001.)

They came to Istanbul in 1985.

Turkish National Team will be the champion in 2002.

4. in ile zaman dilimleri kullanılır. (in two weeks' time, in five years' time, in three hours' time.)

You will train in two week's time.

They built it in five year's time.

She will be ready in three hour's time.

ON

1. on ile hafta içi günler kullanılır. (on Sunday, on Wednesday, on Saturday.)

He is coming on Monday.

We don't work on Saturdays.

2. on günün sabah, öğleden sonra ve akşam vakitleri için kullanılır. (on Monday morning, on Friday evening.)

The meeting is on Wednesday afternoon.

We are leaving on Sunday morning.

3. on ile tarihi ifade ederiz. (on February 20, on 15 March 2002.)

It is dueon June 18.

Her birthday is on 5 August 1976.

Our Youth and Sport Festival is on May 19.

4. on ile noel günü ifade edilir. (on Christmas day.)

They will have a party on Christmas day.

AT

1. at ile saatler kullanılır. (at 2 o'clock, at half past five.)

He gets up at 7 o'clock.

The match starts at quarter to ten.

2. at geceyarısı ile kullanılır. (at midnight)

there was a noise at midnight.

3. at ile hafta sonunu anlatırız. (at weekend)

We went to a good restaurantat the weekend.

4. at ile noelde yapılanlar anlatılır. (at Christmas)

They had a good time at Christmas.

NO PREPOSITION

Bazı zaman zarfları vardır ki bunlar in on at almazlar ve tek kullanılırlar.

today tomorrow last night last week next month next year tomorrow evening tonight every day

yesterday the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday two weeks ago yesterday evening this evening this afternoon this morning every year

EXERCISES:

Fill in the blanks with In, On, At or -0-(Nothing).

1- Their wedding aniversary is in on at -0- October 14.

2- The program starts in on at -0- quarter past ten.

3- People go to Uluday for skiing in on at -0- winter.

4-His appointment is in on at -0- Tuesday afternoon.

5- What are you doing in on at -0- tomorrow evening?

6- They will go to a nice restaurand in on at -0- Christmas

7- They will declare the result in on at -0- twenty minutes' time.

8- The team played very well in on at -0- last week

    

ANSWERS

1- on  2- at  3- in  4- on  5- -0-  6- at  7- in  8- -0-

Infinitive	Simple Past	Past Participle
A
arise	arose	arisen
awake	awoke/ awakened	awoken
B
be	was / were	been
bear	bore	born / borne
beat	beat	beaten / beat
become	became	become
befall	befell	befallen
begin	began	begun
behold	beheld	beheld
bend	bent	bent
bet	bet / betted	bet / betted
bid	bid	bid
bind	bound	bound
bite	bit	bitten
bleed	bled	bled
blow	blew	blown
break	broke	broken
breed	bred	bred
bring	brought	brought
broadcast	broadcast	broadcast
browbeat	browbeat	browbeat
build	built	built
burn	burnt/ burned	burnt/burned
burst	burst	burst
bust	busted/ bust	busted/ bust
buy	bought	bought
C
cast	cast	cast
catch	caught	caught
choose	chose	chosen
cling	clung	clung
come	came	come
cost	cost	cost
creep	crept	crept
cut	cut	cut
D
deal	dealt	dealt
dig	dug	dug
dive (scuba diving)	dived	dived
dive (jump head-first)	dove	dived
do	did	done
draw	drew	drawn
dream	dreamt/ dreamed	dreamt/ dreamed
drink	drank	drunk
drive	drove	driven
dwell	dwelt/ dwelled	dwelt/ dwelled
E
eat	ate	eaten
F
fall	fell	fallen
feed	fed	fed
feel	felt	felt
fight	fought	fought
find	found	found
fit  (to be right size)	fit	fit
fit (to tailor, change size)	fit/ fitted	fit/ fitted
flee	fled	fled
fling	flung	flung
fly	flew	flown
forbid	forbade	forbidden
forecast	forecast	forecast
forego (also forgo)	forewent	foregone
foresee	foresaw	foreseen
foretell	foretold	foretold
forget	forgot	forgotten
forgive	forgave	forgiven
forsake	forsook	forsaken
freeze	froze	frozen
G
get	got	gotten/ got
give	gave	given
go	went	gone
grind	ground	ground
grow	grew	grown
H
hang	hung	hung
have	had	had
hear	heard	heard
hide	hid	hidden
hit	hit	hit
hold	held	held
hurt	hurt	hurt
I
input	input	input
inset	inset	inset
interbreed	interbred	interbred
interweave	interwove	interwoven
K
keep	kept	kept
kneel	knelt/ kneeled	knelt/ kneeled
knit	knit/ knitted	knit/ knitted
know	knew	known
L
lay	laid	laid
lead	led	led
lean	leaned/ leant	leaned/ leant
leap	leapt/ leaped	leapt/ leaped
learn	learned/ learnt	learned/ learnt
leave	left	left
lend	lent	lent
let	let	let
lie	lay	lain
light	lit / lighted	lit  /  lighted
lose	lost	lost
M
make	made	made
mean	meant	meant
meet	met	met
mishear	misheard	misheard
mislay	mislaid	mislaid
mislead	misled	misled
misread	misread	misread
misspell	misspelled/ misspelt	misspelled/ misspelt
mistake	mistook	mistaken
misunderstand	misunderstood	misunderstood
mow	mowed	mowed/ mow
O
outbid	outbid	outbid
outdo	outdid	outdone
outgrow	outgrew	outgrown
outrun	outran	outrun
outsell	outsold	outsold
overcast	overcast	overcast
overcome	overcame	overcome
overdo	overdid	overdone
overdraw	overdrew	overdrawn
overeat	overate	overeaten
overhang	overhung	overhung
overhear	overheard	overheard
overlay	overlaid	overlaid
overlie	overlay	overlain
overpay	overpaid	overpaid
override	overrode	overridden
overrun	overran	overrun
oversee	oversaw	overseen
oversell	oversold	oversold
overshoot	overshot	overshot
oversleep	overslept	overslept
overtake	overtook	overtaken
overthrow	overthrew	overthrown
P
partake	partook	partaken
pay	paid	paid
plead	pled/ pleaded	pled/ pleaded
pre-set	pre-set	pre-set
proofread	proofread	proofread
prove	proved	proven/ proved
put	put	put
Q
quit	quit / quitted	quit /  quitted
R
read	read (sounds like "red")	read (sounds like "red")
rebind	rebound	rebound
rebuild	rebuilt	rebuilt
recast	recast	recast
redo	redid	redone
re-lay (for example tiles)	re-laid	re-laid
remake	remade	remade
repay	repaid	repaid
rerun	reran	rerun
resell	resold	resold
reset	reset	reset
rethink	rethought	rethought
rewind	rewound	rewound
rewrite	rewrote	rewritten
rid	rid	rid
ride	rode	ridden
ring	rang	rung
rise	rose	risen
run	ran	run
S
say	said	said
see	saw	seen
seek	sought	sought
sell	sold	sold
send	sent	sent
set	set	set
sew	sewed	sewn/ sewed
shake	shook	shaken
shear	sheared	shorn/ sheared
shed	shed	shed
shine	shined / shone	shined /  shone
shit	shit/ shat	shit/ shat
shoot	shot	shot
show	showed	shown / showed
shrink	shrank / shrunk	shrunk
shut	shut	shut
sing	sang	sung
sit	sat	sat
slay	slew	slain
sleep	slept	slept
slide	slid	slid
sling	slung	slung
slit	slit	slit
smell	smelled/ smelt	smelled/ smelt
speak	spoke	spoken
speed	sped / speeded	sped / speeded
spell	spelled/ spelt	spelled/ spelt
spend	spent	spent
spin	spun	spun
spit	spit / spat	spit / spat
split	split	split
spoil	spoiled/ spoilt	spoiled/ spoilt
spoon-feed	spoon-fed	spoon-fed
spread	spread	spread
spring	sprang / sprung	sprung
stand	stood	stood
steal	stole	stolen
stick	stuck	stuck
sting	stung	stung
stink	stank / stunk	stunk
strew	strewed	strewn/ strewed
stride	strode	stridden
strive	strove	striven
strike (delete)	struck	stricken
strike (hit)	struck	struck/ stricken
string	strung	strung
strive	strove/ strived	striven/ strived
swear	swore	sworn
sweep	swept	swept
swell	swelled	swollen, swelled
swim	swam	swum
swing	swung	swung
T
take	took	taken
teach	taught	taught
tear	tore	torn
tell	told	told
think	thought	thought
throw	threw	thrown
thrust	thrust	thrust
tread	trod	trodden, trod
U
unbind	unbound	unbound
underlie	underlay	underlain
understand	understood	understood
undertake	undertook	undertaken
underwrite	underwrote	underwritten
undo	undid	undone
unwind	unwound	unwound
uphold	upheld	upheld
upset	upset	upset
W
wake	woke / waked	woken / waked
wear	wore	worn
weave	wove	woven
wed	wed/ wedded	wed/ wedded
weep	wept	wept
wet	wet/ wetted	wet/ wetted
win	won	won
wind	wound	wound
withdraw	withdrew	withdrawn
wring	wrung	wrung
write	wrote	written

THE PLURAL OF NOUNS (ÇOĞUL İSİMLER)

Genellikle isimlere -s ya da -es eklenerek çoğul yaparılır.

Bir ünsüzden sonra sonu -y ile biten isimlere -ies. eklenerek çoğul yapılır.

Bir ünlüden sonra -y ile biten isimlere ise sadece -s eklenir.

Bazı isimler vardırki -s ya da -es eklenerek çoğul yapılmaz bunlar düzensizdirler. İşte size bunlardan birkaç örnek:

Irregular plurals (Düzensiz İsimler):

Bazı isimlere ise çoğul takısı eklenmez. Tekil ve çoğul kullanımları aynıdır. İşte size birkaç örnek:

Subject and Object Pronouns
(Özne ve Nesne zamirleri)

1. Look at this table.
Tabloya bakınız.

Burada dikkat ediniz Mary yerine She, Peter and Paul yerine de them kullanabiliyoruz.

2. The subject and object pronouns.

Özne ve Nesne Zamirlerinin ayrıntılı tablosu:

3. Look at the subject and object pronouns in this conversation:
Bu konuşmada geçen özne ve nesne zamirlerine bakınız.

A:   I saw Sheila yesterday, but she didn't see me.
B:   Are you going to see her tomorrow?
A:   No, I 'm meeting Steve. We are playing golf.
B:   You're bothe beginners! It isn't an easy game. I played it last year and I was terrible!
A:   Why don't you come with us? We can help you.
B:   I would like to play with you both tomorrow, but my brother is leaving in the afternoon. He is catching the two o'clock train, and we're taking him to the station. He's spending a month with our aunt and uncle. They live in Scothand. I stayed with them last year.

4. We use it for things and for the weather, time, days, dates, distances, and for animals:
(It zamirini eşya, hava, saat, gün, tarih, uzaklık, ve hayvanlar için kullanırız.)

I'm studying economics. It's a difficult subject.
It's hot today.
It's four o'clock.
It's Tuesday. It's the third of April.
It's 200 miles to York.
Look at that bird! It's eating bread.