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  • 2009 ÜDS Ekim Soru ve Cevapları, Sonuçları, 2009 ÜDS Sonbahar Soruları Cevap Anahtarı, ÜDS 2009 Ekim
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  • İngilizce Tekil ve Çoğul İsimler, Singular and Plural Nouns, İngilizce Tekiller Çoğullar, İngilizce Tekil ve Çoğul İsimlerle ilgili oyun,game, alıştırma,worksheet, regular/irregular plural nouns, ingilizce quiz, irregular plural, irregular nouns
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  • THE VERB BE, İngilizce verb to be, ingilizce am-is-are, ingilizce olmak fiili, ingilizce verb to be olmak fiili video dersi, slayt power point, olumlu olumsuz soru hali, ingilizce am is are dersi konu anlatımı, örnek cümleler, türkçe anlatımı
  • POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS, İngilizcede iyelik zamirleri, Subject pronoun, Possessive adjective, İngilizce İyelik Zamirleri, POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES, İYELİK SIFATLARI, İYELIK ZAMIRLERİ, NESNE ZAMİRLERİ, REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS, DÖNÜŞLÜ ZAMİRLER, video dersi
  • Subject Pronouns, İngilizce Şahıs Zamirleri, personal pronouns, ingilizce kişi zamirleri, nesne zamirleri, kişi zamirleri, nesne zamirleri, object pronouns, özne zamirleri, personal pronouns, subject pronouns, ingilizcede şahıs zamirleri, şahıs zamir
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  • İngilizce sebzeler, english vegetables, ingilizce sebze isimleri, ingilizce sebzeler resimli, ingilizce sebze meyveler, ingilizce vegetables, ingilizce sebze adları, yazılışı, türkçe anlamı, okunuşu, names of vegetables, İngilizce Sebze Meyveler
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  • ingilizce fiiller, ingilizce fiil çekimleri, ingilizce fiilerin 2.(ikinci) halleri, ingilizce fiiller ve anlamlar, ingilizce fiilerin 3.(üçüncü) halleri, ingilizce düzenli düzensiz fiil listesi, ingilizce fiilerin 1. 2. 3. haleri, fiil tablosu, cümle
  • ingilizce bina isimleri/adları, buildings, ingilizce bina kelimeleri ve türkçe anlamları/karşılıkları, buildings nedir, buildings vocabulary, ingilizce yapılar, building vocabulary esl


  • Why sleep is important and what happens when you don't get enough?

    Importance of sleep

    Sleep is essential for a person’s health and wellbeing, according to the National Sleep Foundation (NSF). Yet millions of people do not get enough sleep and many suffer from lack of sleep. For example, surveys conducted by the NSF (1999-2004) reveal that at least 40 million Americans suffer from over 70 different sleep disorders and 60 percent of adults report having sleep problems a few nights a week or more. Most of those with these problems go undiagnosed and untreated. In addition, more than 40 percent of adults experience daytime sleepiness severe enough to interfere with their daily activities at least a few days each month - with 20 percent reporting problem sleepiness a few days a week or more. Furthermore, 69 percent of children experience one or more sleep problems a few nights or more during a week.

    What are the signs of excessive sleepiness?

    According to psychologist and sleep expert David F. Dinges, Ph.D., of the Division of Sleep and Chronobiology and Department of Psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, irritability, moodiness and disinhibition are some of the first signs a person experiences from lack of sleep. If a sleep-deprived person doesn’t sleep after the initial signs, said Dinges, the person may then start to experience apathy, slowed speech and flattened emotional responses, impaired memory and an inability to be novel or multitask. As a person gets to the point of falling asleep, he or she will fall into micro sleeps(5-10 seconds) that cause lapses in attention, nod off while doing an activity like driving or reading and then finally experience hypnagogic hallucinations, the beginning of REM sleep. (Dinges, Sleep, Sleepiness and Performance, 1991)

    Amount of sleep needed

    Everyone’s individual sleep needs vary. In general, most healthy adults are built for 16 hours of wakefulness and need an average of eight hours of sleep a night. However, some individuals are able to ******** without sleepiness or drowsiness after as little as six hours of sleep. Others can't perform at their peak unless they've slept ten hours. And, contrary to common myth, the need for sleep doesn't decline with age but the ability to sleep for six to eight hours at one time may be reduced. (Van Dongen & Dinges, Principles & Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2000)

    What causes sleep problems?

    Psychologists and other scientists who study the causes of sleep disorders have shown that such problems can directly or indirectly be tied to abnormalities in the following systems:
    Physiological systems

    Brain and nervous system
    Cardiovascular system
    Metabolic ********s
    Immune system
    Furthermore, unhealthy conditions, disorders and diseases can also cause sleep problems, including:

    Pathological sleepiness, insomnia and accidents
    Hypertension and elevated cardiovascular risks (MI, stroke)
    Emotional disorders (depression, bipolar disorder)
    Obesity; metabolic syndrome and diabetes
    Alcohol and drug abuse
    (Dinges, 2004)
    Groups that are at particular risk for sleep deprivation include night shift workers, physicians (average sleep = 6.5 hours a day; residents = 5 hours a day), truck drivers, parents and teenagers. (American Academy of Sleep Medicine and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group on Problem Sleepiness. 1997).
    http://www.apa.org

    Why is the sky blue?

    11/5/2008 · Kategori: Why/Neden?

    Why is the sky blue?

    A clear cloudless day-time sky is blue because molecules in the air scatter blue light from the sun more than they scatter red light.  When we look towards the sun at sunset, we see red and orange colours because the blue light has been scattered out and away from the line of sight.

    The white light from the sun is a mixture of all colours of the rainbow.  This was demonstrated by Isaac Newton, who used a prism to separate the different colours and so form a spectrum.  The colours of light are distinguished by their different wavelengths.  The visible part of the spectrum ranges from red light with a wavelength of about 720 nm, to violet with a wavelength of about 380 nm, with orange, yellow, green, blue and indigo between.  The three different types of colour receptors in the retina of the human eye respond most strongly to red, green and blue wavelengths, giving us our colour vision.

    Tyndall Effect

    The first steps towards correctly explaining the colour of the sky were taken by John Tyndall in 1859.  He discovered that when light passes through a clear fluid holding small particles in suspension, the shorter blue wavelengths are scattered more strongly than the red.  This can be demonstrated by shining a beam of white light through a tank of water with a little milk or soap mixed in.  From the side, the beam can be seen by the blue light it scatters; but the light seen directly from the end is reddened after it has passed through the tank.  The scattered light can also be shown to be polarised using a filter of polarised light, just as the sky appears a deeper blue through polaroid sun glasses.

    This is most correctly called the Tyndall effect, but it is more commonly known to physicists as Rayleigh scattering--after Lord Rayleigh, who studied it in more detail a few years later.  He showed that the amount of light scattered is inversely proportional to the fourth power of wavelength for sufficiently small particles.  It follows that blue light is scattered more than red light by a factor of (700/400)4 ~= 10.


    Dust or Molecules?

    Tyndall and Rayleigh thought that the blue colour of the sky must be due to small particles of dust and droplets of water vapour in the atmosphere.  Even today, people sometimes incorrectly say that this is the case.  Later scientists realised that if this were true, there would be more variation of sky colour with humidity or haze conditions than was actually observed, so they supposed correctly that the molecules of oxygen and nitrogen in the air are sufficient to account for the scattering.  The case was finally settled by Einstein in 1911, who calculated the detailed formula for the scattering of light from molecules; and this was found to be in agreement with experiment.  He was even able to use the calculation as a further verification of Avogadro's number when compared with observation.  The molecules are able to scatter light because the electromagnetic field of the light waves induces electric dipole moments in the molecules.

    Why not violet?

    If shorter wavelengths are scattered most strongly, then there is a puzzle as to why the sky does not appear violet, the colour with the shortest visible wavelength.  The spectrum of light emission from the sun is not constant at all wavelengths, and additionally is absorbed by the high atmosphere, so there is less violet in the light.  Our eyes are also less sensitive to violet.  That's part of the answer; yet a rainbow shows that there remains a significant amount of visible light coloured indigo and violet beyond the blue.  The rest of the answer to this puzzle lies in the way our vision works.  We have three types of colour receptors, or cones, in our retina.  They are called red, blue and green because they respond most strongly to light at those wavelengths.  As they are stimulated in different proportions, our visual system constructs the colours we see.


    Response curves for the three types of cone in the human eye

    When we look up at the sky, the red cones respond to the small amount of scattered red light, but also less strongly to orange and yellow wavelengths.  The green cones respond to yellow and the more strongly-scattered green and green-blue wavelengths.  The blue cones are stimulated by colours near blue wavelengths which are very strongly scattered.  If there were no indigo and violet in the spectrum, the sky would appear blue with a slight green tinge.  However, the most strongly scattered indigo and violet wavelengths stimulate the red cones slightly as well as the blue, which is why these colours appear blue with an added red tinge.  The net effect is that the red and green cones are stimulated about equally by the light from the sky, while the blue is stimulated more strongly.  This combination accounts for the pale sky blue colour.  It may not be a coincidence that our vision is adjusted to see the sky as a pure hue.  We have evolved to fit in with our environment; and the ability to separate natural colours most clearly is probably a survival advantage.


    A multi-coloured sunset over the Firth of Forth in Scotland.


    Sunsets

    When the air is clear the sunset will appear yellow, because the light from the sun has passed a long distance through air and some of the blue light has been scattered away.  If the air is polluted with small particles, natural or otherwise, the sunset will be more red.  Sunsets over the sea may also be orange, due to salt particles in the air, which are effective Tyndall scatterers.  The sky around the sun is seen reddened, as well as the light coming directly from the sun.  This is because all light is scattered relatively well through small angles--but blue light is then more likely to be scattered twice or more over the greater distances, leaving the yellow, red and orange colours.


    A blue haze over the mountains of Les Vosges in France.


    Blue Haze and Blue Moon

    Clouds and dust haze appear white because they consist of particles larger than the wavelengths of light, which scatter all wavelengths equally (Mie scattering).  But sometimes there might be other particles in the air that are much smaller.  Some mountainous regions are famous for their blue haze.  Aerosols of terpenes from the vegetation react with ozone in the atmosphere to form small particles about 200 nm across, and these particles scatter the blue light.  A forest fire or volcanic eruption may occasionally fill the atmosphere with fine particles of 500-800 nm across, being the right size to scatter red light.  This gives the opposite to the usual Tyndall effect, and may cause the moon to have a blue tinge since the red light has been scattered out.  This is a very rare phenomenon--occurring literally once in a blue moon.

    Opalescence

    The Tyndall effect is responsible for some other blue coloration's in nature: such as blue eyes, the opalescence of some gem stones, and the colour in the blue jay's wing.  The colours can vary according to the size of the scattering particles.  When a fluid is near its critical temperature and pressure, tiny density fluctuations are responsible for a blue coloration known as critical opalescence.  People have also copied these natural effects by making ornamental glasses impregnated with particles, to give the glass a blue sheen.  But not all blue colouring in nature is caused by scattering.  Light under the sea is blue because water absorbs longer wavelength of light through distances over about 20 metres.  When viewed from the beach, the sea is also blue because it reflects the sky, of course.  Some birds and butterflies get their blue colorations by diffraction effects.

    Why is the Mars sky red?

    Images sent back from the Viking Mars landers in 1977 and from Pathfinder in 1997 showed a red sky seen from the Martian surface.  This was due to red iron-rich dusts thrown up in the dust storms occurring from time to time on Mars.  The colour of the Mars sky will change according to weather conditions.  It should be blue when there have been no recent storms, but it will be darker than the earth's daytime sky because of Mars' thinner atmosphere.

    Original by Philip Gibbs May 1997.

    Why is Pluto not a planet anymore?

    Space Topics: Pluto

    In an informal poll of 10,000 junior-high-school children, Pluto was the overwhelming favorite among the 9 planets.  The poll was simply a measure of how much noise the children made during a tour of the solar system in a planetarium show I presented live to groups of 500 children at a time.  They consistently cheered the loudest for Pluto, especially when I recited the planets in sequence, aided by the time-honored mnemonic My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas.

    But Pluto has “peculiar” written all over it.  Found by Lowell Observatory astronomer Clyde W. Tombaugh in 1930, Pluto was discovered the same year that Walt Disney created the lovable, slow-witted bloodhound that shares its name.
    Pluto’s orbit is tilted 17 degrees out of the plane of the solar system, 2 1/2 times that of Mercury.  Pluto moves in the most eccentric ellipse and is the only planet whose orbit crosses that of another planet.  Pluto has tidally locked the rotation of its moon Charon, forcing it to forever show the same face to Plutonians.  Pluto is in good company here.  Earth has tidally locked the rotation of its moon (the Moon) so that it always shows the same face to Earthlings.  The embarrassing part is that Charon is so large compared with Pluto that its tidal forces have tidally locked Pluto’s rotation where both moon and planet show the same side to each other as they waltz forever in space. With a diameter of 1,400 miles, Pluto is, by far, the smallest planet.  Seven moons in the solar system are larger: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Titan, Triton, and of course, Earth’s Moon (although Mercury is smaller than both Ganymede and Titan).  Finally, neither rocky, nor gaseous, Pluto is the only planet made primarily of ices.

    Maybe Pluto isn’t really a planet.

    Dare I have made such a suggestion when Clyde Tombaugh’s body is barely cold?  Tombaugh died in 1997, at the age of ninety, seemingly secure in his status as the third person ever to discover a planet in our solar system.  But there is no question that if Pluto were discovered today, it would not be classified as a planet.

    William Herschel discovered Uranus in 1781, and Johann Galle discovered Neptune in 1846.  Few people know, however, that Giuseppe Piazzi discovered the planet Ceres in 1801, orbiting the Sun between Mars and Jupiter.  But astronomers rapidly determined that Ceres was much, much smaller than any other planet:  at 600 miles in diameter, it was dwarfed by Mercury, the reigning smallest planet. Maybe an object can be too small to be defined as a planet.  Shortly after 1801, other small objects were found in orbits similar to that of Ceres.  A new class of object had been identified: the rocky asteroids

    Ceres was discovered first because it is the brightest and largest.  At twice the mass of all the other asteroids combined, of which there are thousands known and millions that await discovery, Ceres swiftly went from being the smallest in the class of planet to being the largest in the class of asteroid.

    How about Pluto? The more we learned about Pluto, the more it did not fit any reasonable classification scheme that applied to the other planets.  It was in a class by itself.  But can you have a class of one?  Should you have a class of one?

    In 1992, David Jewitt of the University of Hawaii and Jane Luu of Harvard began to discover icy bodies just beyond the orbit of Neptune.  Since then, nearly a thousand such objects have been discovered with similar properties:  They are small, they are icy, they all orbit just beyond Neptune, they have somewhat eccentric paths, and their orbits are tipped out of the plane of the solar system.  This new class of objects was duly named the Kuiper belt, in honor of the Dutch-born American astronomer Gerard Kuiper, who in the 1950s advanced the idea that such a belt of comets might exist. 

    Alas, Pluto, which is small and icy and orbits just beyond Neptune and has an eccentric orbit that is tipped out of the plane of the solar system, is none other than a Kuiper belt object—a leftover comet from the solar system’s formation.  If Pluto’s orbit were ever altered so that it journeyed as close to the Sun as Earth, Pluto would grow a tail and look like a jumbo comet.  No other planet can make this (possibly embarrassing) claim.

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