There have been over 10,000 reported sightings of Scotland's Loch Ness Monster, yet it is widely believed to be nothing but a popular legend. Loch Ness is the largest freshwater mass in the British Isles. Although it averages less than a mile in width, for more than half of its 24-mile length, j its depth ranges from 400 to more than 900 feet. Like other lakes that breed monster legends, it is connected to the sea, allowing migratory fish to provide a dependable food supply for meat-eating lake dwellers. Many factors contribute to the Loch Ness mystery. Its shores are thickly wooded and, except in summer, sparsely inhabited; winter snows frequently bury the surrounding area and light and visibility are often poor.
1- From the information given in the passage, we learn that Loch Ness ............... .
A) is not wide but is very long B) is filled with salty sea water C) is almost equal in depth in most parts D) is entirely surrounded by land E) is located in Northern England
2- It is stated in the passage that ............... .
A) in fact, a great many monsters breed in the waters of Loch Ness B) people are taking the monster tales more seriously nowadays C) more than 10,000 people have taken photos of the monster D) few people really believe in the existence of the Loch Ness monster E) it is impossible to solve the mystery of the Loch Ness monster
3- It is clear from the description of Loch Ness in the passage that …………. .
A) although it is frequently cold, it hardly ever snows in the region B) there are hardly any trees growing in the vicinity of Loch Ness C) it is often difficult to see things around the lake clearly because of the weather D) the area surrounding Loch Ness is densely populated due to the magnificent scenery E) in winter, it generally only snows lightly in the surrounding area
Mandarin is spoken by more people than any other language in the world. One of the world's oldest tongues, it did not become China's official language until 1644, with the Manchu overthrow of the Ming dynasty. The new rulers, a non-Chinese race, spoke many dialects among themselves, so they selected Peking Mandarin to be the unifying political language. Although not intended to be the speech of the people as a whole, it spread, and after the start of the Chinese Republic in 1912, it was chosen as the national language. Mandarin is written with thousands of distinctive characters, which bear no relationship to the sound of a word. Traditionally written from top to bottom, right to left, the language is now more commonly written as English is written.
4- We understand from the passage that Mandarin ................ .
A) was originally a non-Chinese language B) existed in China before Manchu rule C) has a large variety of different dialects D) is an old language developed by the Manchu E) first came into existence in about 1644 5- From the passage it's clear that, when the Manchu came to power, they...................
A) adopted the language of the Ming dynasty B) forced the Chinese to speak Mandarin C) spread disunity among the Chinese D) imposed their own language on China E) lacked a common dialect themselves
6- The author tells us that .................. .
A) the way of writing Mandarin has changed over the years B) Mandarin is spoken by the officials, but not by ordinary people C) the Manchu were one of the Chinese tribes D) Chinese people were opposed to using Mandarin as the national tongue E) Mandarin has roughly the same alphabet as English
The English Civil War was fought between Royalists, who supported Charles I, and Parliament. Hostilities started in 1642, and the first major engagement was at Edgehill. Royalist plans to capture London nearly succeeded until Oliver Cromwell, in alliance with the Scots, won an important Parliamentary victory at Marston Moor, then an even more decisive one at Naseby. The next year, Charles I fled to Scotland, but was handed over to Parliament. After efforts to come to terms with the king, Cromwell had him tried and executed. The result of the Civil War was that the absolute power of the monarchy was destroyed. The monarchy was subsequently restored, but since then it has been Parliament that increasingly controls the nation's affairs.
7- The author seems to suggest that .............. .
A) England has never really been a true monarchy B) the monarchy can't possibly be completely destroyed C) Cromwell won the war with the help of the Scots D) the Royalists actually had been victorious in London E) the Sec -s supported the ruling king, Charles I
8- It can be inferred from the passage that the Royalists ................ .
A) secretly supported Oliver Cromwell B) had a decisive victory in the battle at Marston Moor C) had no major problems with the Parliament D) were in favour of the ruling monarchy E) caught and executed Charles I in Scotland
9- The ultimate consequence of the English Civil War was ............... .
A) an all-powerful Parliament that really excluded the monarchy B) a great increase in the power of Scotland over England C) the complete destruction of the ancient English monarchy D) the unification of Scotland and England into Great Britain E) a less powerful monarch and a more powerful Parliament
The extent and duration of fashion cycles have been influenced by changes in technology. When articles of clothing had to be handmade, fashions often lasted for decades. The mass-production of dresses in the same design, however, has greatly reduced the amount of time it takes for a design to reach a large number of people. The mass media — television, motion pictures, magazines and newspapers — are also important in spreading fashions throughout the world. Thus, designs can go in and out of fashion much more quickly. In recent years, it has become almost impossible to single out one style as the prevailing fashion. A woman might own an ankle-length skirt, a knee-length skirt, and jeans and be fashionable wear in gany one of them.
10- The rapid changes in fashion cycles have made it possible ………… .
A) for everybody to be fashionable all the time B) for many styles to be fashionable at the same time C) to make fashions that are capable of lasting for decades D) for women to wear jeans and dresses together E) to determine more quickly what is in fashion
11- The great influence in the change of the length of fashion cycles comes from............... .
A) the quality of clothes and women's preferences for them B) the mass-production of clothing and the mass media C) the design of clothes and the great number of women owning them D) the large number of people and the length of dresses E) ankle-length skirts and mass-produced blue jeans
12- Fashion cycles are different today than they were in the past, in that................. .
A) long dresses are no longer stylish B) they affect people for longer periods C) people don't care about them as much D) nothing is ever fashionable any more E) they change much more frequently
All plants and animals depend on oxygen to grow and live. This gas is taken in during the process known as breathing or external respiration. Simple organisms are able to absorb oxygen through the surface of their bodies, but most larger animals require a special area, which in mammals, for example, is situated in the lungs. Fish are equipped with gills, where oxygen is extracted from the water taken in and passed into the bloodstream. Some other animals which live in or near water, such as frogs, have moist skin through which the gas is able to permeate. Whichever way it is absorbed, the use made of oxygen taken in is known as internal of chemical respiration.
13- It is understood from the passage that............... . A) without oxygen, there would be neither plants nor animals B) oxygen is more important to animals than it is to plants C) if deprived of oxygen, plants can live, but they won't grow D) gas is necessary for oxygen to be absorbed by animals E) there is very little difference between plants and animals
14- It is implied in the passage that ............... . A) it is more efficient to extract oxygen from water than air B) fish send the oxygen they take in through their skin into their bloodstream C) a fish's gills serve a function similar to a mammal's lungs D) simple animals are better at breathing than complex ones E) some types of fish both have lungs and gills
15- Internal and external respiration differ in that.............. .
A) animals like frogs use external respiration, while more complex animals use internal B) external respiration refers to getting oxygen, while internal respiration refers to using it C) internal respiration only occurs in certain animals that live either in or near water D) simple organisms are able to absorb oxygen directly through the outside of their bodies E) only external respiration involves the use of complex chemicals to be effective
It is traditional to portray dinosaur skin as grey, the reason being that big animals today, such as rhinos, hippos and elephants, are so coloured. But all of these mammals are colour-blind. Bright hues do not evolve among colour-Blind species. Bright colours do evolve in animals that can see colours and that evolve rapidly; among such animals, many different species live together, and each species needs a unique way to advertise for mates. Birds are the best example. In each tropical habitat today, dozens of closely related tropical bird species must attract desirable mates from the appropriate gene pool. Brilliant patterns on the male birds are the rule. Did dinosaurs see colours? The closest living dinosaur relatives are birds and crocodilians, both of which can distinguish colours. Dinosaurs almost certainly were very birdlike in being visually oriented, colour-sighted animals.
16- Though nobody knows what colours dinosaurs were, ............... .
A) people have long thought that they must have been multi-coloured B) we are certain that they were colour-blind like the big animals today C) scientists assume that all the bright colours appeared grey to them D) they have been traditionally thought to be grey, like today's large animals E) they are commonly believed to be very colourful, like tropical birds of today
17- An important reason some animals have bright colours and brilliant patterns is that ............... .
A) it is required for membership in particular gene pools B) colourful animals are more likely to adapt to their natural habitats C) it allows them to attract mates of the same species D) rules in the tropics require males to be very colourful E) it makes males more desirable to the females of other species
18- Dinosaurs, the author believes, .............. .
A) lived and acted much like today's birds and crocodiles B) could see different colours, and so, were probably brightly coloured C) lived in tropical climates and in large family groups D) were incredibly intelligent and had a complex social structure E) consisted of many different species with distinct differences between them
There has been remarkable improvement in the health and well-being of most of China's people since the civil war. Life expectancy at birth has more than doubled in a little over four decades, rising from an estimated 35 years in 1949 to more than 71 years in 1992. In the same period, the annual death rate declined from 23 per 1,000 people to about six per 1,000. Two major factors help to account for this progress. First, there has been a steady general improvement in the diet of the average citizen, resulting from larger and more reliable crop production. The old problem of famine has largely disappeared, though poor harvests may still result in serious malnutrition. The second factor is the great improvement in the nature and quality of health care.
19- We learn from the passage that, since the civil war in the late 1940s, the Chinese .............. .
A) have relied on technology in their agricultural activities B) have worked hard to improve annual crop yield C) have seen their population almost double D) have had longer life expectancy and a lower death rate E) have been respected more as average citizens
20- The great increase in the average life span in China ............. .
A) has occurred as a result of the more peaceful life the Chinese are now leading B) results from the fact that there have been no poor harvests C) could possibly lead to another civil war if a great famine results D) is due mainly to more and better food and better medical services E) comes from the average citizen's increasing knowledge of Agriculture
21- The statistics in the passage tell us that............... . A) the number of people who die in China annually is six B) China no longer loses any of its population through famine or malnutrition C) there haven't been any cases of famine in China since the 1940s D) before 1949, there were hardly any Chinese people who lived into their forties E) the Chinese of the 1990s live twice as long as their ancestors before the civil war
A German family of musicians and composers, the Bachs achieved the height of their fame in the 17th and 18th centuries. Seven Bach generations achieved greater or lesser prominence in music from 1580 to about 1800. Of the group, Johann Sebastian Bach has been acclaimed as one of the giants of musical history. Although he was famous as a master of the organ and other instruments during his lifetime, Johann Sebastian Bach's music was neglected after his death until the early 1800s. His works brought to a climax the baroque period, during which many new forms and styles were developed. Bach wrote literally thousands of compositions, many for use in churches or in instruction.
22- We understand from the passage that............... .
A) though J. S. Bach is the most famous, many of his family wrote music B) the Bach family were very religious, writing music mostly for the church C) each generation of the Bach family wrote better music than the previous one D) the musicians of the Bach family were famous during their lifetimes E) the Bachs' music appealed to the styles popular during their lifetimes 23- As mentioned in the passage, Johann Sebastian Bach ............... .
A) started the baroque period with his works written for the church B) could play more musical instruments than any of the other musicians of his time C) wrote music which appealed to seven generations of classical music lovers D) is considered to be one of the most significant composers in the history of music E) began to be recognised as a musical genius towards the end of the 17th century
24- We learn from the passage that during the baroque period, ………… .
A) the Bach family reached the highest point of their fame B) the Bachs did not produce much other than music for the church C) new musical forms and styles were introduced D) most of the musicians preferred to write religious music E) only the Bachs wrote quality music both religious and classic
Early civilisations in Asia achieved high levels of development within the traditional agricultural economies on which they depended. There were brilliant achievements in art, architecture, language and literature, as well as early science and technology. Many of the devices that Europeans later came to depend on originated in Asia, such as gunpowder, paper, the wheel and the compass. While European civilisation was slow developing during the Middle Ages, Asia's great civilisations flowered in unmatched brilliance and prosperity. When Marco Polo travelled to China in the 13th century, he marvelled at the magnificence of China's great civilisation, already 3,000 years old. Less famous Europeans were to echo him later.
25- It may be understood from the passage that early civilisations in Asia.............. .
A) imported technology from the Western world B) wrote the only books in the world at the time C) were based on the raising of plants and animals D) produced technology comparable to today's E) had bigger and stronger armies than European civilisation
26- From the information given in the passage, we understand that ……………. .
A) European civilisation was highly advanced in the Middle Ages B) Asian civilisations made great contributions to European society C) Chinese civilisation was the most advanced of all the Asian civilisations D) Marco Polo introduced paper to Europe when he returned from Asia E) Marco Polo brought gunpowder to the Chinese in the 1200s
27- When Marco Polo visited China in the 1200s, he ............... .
A) was amazed to discover such an advanced society B) brought with him devices that were completely unknown to the Chinese C) was repeating a trip made by a European 3000 years ago D) wanted to discover how its civilisation managed to survive three millennia E) was very surprised at how similar it was to Europe In general, owls have very keen hearing, eyesight that is extremely sensitive to any movement in dim light, eyes situated in the front of the head, soft feathers that allow for "silent" flight, which is an aid in hunting, facial discs, and heads that can rotate 270°, that is three quarters of a circle. Owls eat small birds, rodents, and, rarely, dead animals, called carrion. They bolt their food down, ejecting the indigestible parts in the form of pellets. There seems to be no regularity in their breeding seasons. They typically lay two to seven eggs in hollow trees, in other birds' nests, or in human structures. As is true with most of the Falconiformes, the female owls are usually larger than the males.
28- Of the following statements about owls, the one not mentioned in the passage is that............. .
A) they are capable of sensing anything moving in half-dark B) their eyes are not on the sides of their heads C) they cannot survive away from human settlements D) they lay their eggs in groups of two to seven E) the males tend to be smaller than their mates
29- In general, owls lay their eggs ............... .
A) two to seven times annually B) at no particular time of the year C) in nests built by the females D) in places with very little light E) in soft and comfortable nests
30- This passage is mainly about.............. .
A) the dietary and hunting habits of owls and similar birds B) a class of birds known to scientists as Falconiformes C) the development of the owl pellet as a form of food for owis D) the mating habits of owls and how they build their nests E) the special features of owls' bodies and some of their habits
In the United States, the development of science fiction as a literary type was left mostly to pulp magazines — so called because of the cheap quality of their paper. There were many such magazines, but one editor made significant contributions in promoting science fiction: Hugo Gernsback. Gernsback founded Amazing Stories magazine in 1926, devoted to what he called scientifiction. The stories were at the time not viewed as serious literature, but as sensationalism. One of the popular authors published by Gernsback was Edgar Rice Burroughs, who, in addition to his Tarzan stories, wrote numerous science-fiction pieces. By 1939 he was publishing stories by such newcomers as Isaac Asimov and Robert Heinlein, and with their appearance, the move to science fiction as a serious genre of literature began.
31- It is obvious from the passage that science fiction ............... .
A) has been a major literary genre since the late 1920s B) was first published in expensive weekly newspapers C) was initially seen as a comic literary form, not a serious one D) was popular from the start, although not highly regarded E) was only published in Amazing Stories magazine at first
32- We are told that Hugo Gernsback ................ .
A) was a close friend of Edgar Rice Burroughs B) contributed stories to various magazines C) only published science fiction stories in his magazine D) edited the only science fiction magazine E) wrote sensational science fiction stories
33- Isaac Asimov and Robert Heinlein .............. . A) were well-known before Gernsback published their work B) started writing science fiction stories after 1939 C) used their looks to promote science fiction as a genre D) initiated their own science fiction magazine E) helped to enhance the reputation of science fiction
The average consumer would probably define marketing as a combination of advertising and selling. There was a time when marketing was an incidental concern for businesses. The main emphasis was on production. Goods were produced and made available for customers to buy, with a minimum concern for what customers might want. What was on the market at any one time was determined by production managers. Most successful businesses now are dominated by an orientation toward marketing, not toward production. This means that firms begin by anticipating what consumers want. They then plan their products accordingly. It is estimated that at least half of the cost a consumer pays for a product is accounted for by marketing expenditures.
34- The author points out that in the past, marketing ............. . A) was the most important factor for a business B) was a mixture of promotion and advertising C) was the concern of only the big businesses D) focused mainly on the consumer, not on the goods E) put a lot of emphasis on the product itself
35- We can understand from the passage that in modern times ………… . A) most goods are sold in supermarkets rather than in small shops B) businesses are not very worried about customers' needs C) production managers usually decide what a firm will produce D) there has been a major shift in the way businesses operate E) the quality of products on sale is not as high as it was before
36- We can deduce from the passage that............... . A) companies make consumers buy things they don't actually want B) in order to succeed, a firm needs to understand what the public wants C) advertising persuades consumers to make useless purchases D) increasing marketing expenses mean that firms make Sower profits E) more than 50% of companies' income is spent on advertising
When hypnosis first claimed the attention of scientists, it was called animal magnetism or mesmerism, after Franz Mesmer of Vienna. In the late 18th century, Mesmer claimed to use it to heal certain nervous ailments. For many years, mesmerism was denounced by medical • practitioners and generally associated with stage performances, fraud and superstition. In the 19th century, before the discovery of anesthetics, physicians began to use mesmerism in surgery. They found that a deeply hypnotized patient would lie perfectly still and appear unaffected by pain. Around 1840, a doctor named James Braid coined the term hypnosis, which means a "nervous sleep." The new name was more acceptable than mesmerism, with its implications of fraud, and it soon supplanted the older term.
37- The author informs us that Franz Mesmer ............... . A) was criticised by other medical practitioners because he used animals in his experiments B) cheated people by claiming that he would cure their ailments C) used to perform his method on the stage regularly D) said he could cure some conditions through the method now called hypnosis E) was a famous 18th-century scientist, who made great contributions to medicine
38- The passage implies that mesmerism ............... . A) was widely employed by the medical profession in the late 1700s B) led to the discovery of anesthetics by the medical world C) was only used on animals until around the 19th century D) was illegal until the 19th century, when it became respectable E) was initially thought by most doctors to have no medical w value 39- Dr James Braid ............. .
A) renamed mesmerism, giving it its current name B) was the first doctor to use hypnosis on himself C) changed the process of hypnosis, making it more useful D) reinvented hypnosis in a form which was medically acceptable E) bought the rights to the art of hypnosis for medical use
The worst condition of Antarctic flying is called the "white out." Pilots have said it is like "flying in a bowl of milk." Atmospheric conditions make the snow and sky appear to blend together. There is no horizon, which leaves them without any visible check point above or below the airplane. Despite these handicaps, aviation is vital to polar exploration. Airplane flights, however, cannot be used for getting many kinds of information. Plant and animal life cannot be studied from the air. An air observer cannot make detailed examinations of mineral deposits, and he cannot obtain records of weather conditions in stormy times when airplanes cannot be flown. For all such studies, men must still work on the ground.
40- One may assume from the passage that one of the most dangerous features of a 'white out' is that.............. .
A) the pilots cannot see their base, and therefore, lose their way B) the pilot cannot use the horizon in order to check his position C) the atmosphere in the plane is bad, causing mental confusion D) the snow blinds the pilots temporarily, so they lose control E) the pilot cannot see above or below the plane during the flight
41- It is clear from the passage that Antarctic flying .............. . A) is not very useful, for a number of reasons B) is essential, but does not replace all ground staff C) can be useful for all purposes, except in a 'white out' D) is much too dangerous to be of any real use E) proves most useful to exploration during 'white outs'
42- The men working on the ground in the Antarctic ............ . A) only work when the planes cannot fly B) are much more useful than the aviators C) concentrate particularly on plant and animal life D) gather data which can't be obtained from the air E) have a more difficult task than the pilots
Tourists whose plane careered off a runway after brake failure are suing their holiday company over post-traumatic stress in, what they claim is, the first case of its kind. More than 20 passengers on the Manchester-to-Ibiza flight have so far signed up with a lawyer to claim damages from First Choice holidays. They allege that their experience has left them psychologically scarred, with many passengers suffering from flashbacks, nightmares and difficulty in sleeping and concentrating. But the company says it offered adequate counselling and support for those involved both at the time and after their return to the United Kirigdom. Their airbus jet apparently overshot the runway on landing due to brake failure, leaving some passengers with minor injuries.
43- The tourists .............. . A) think that the travel company has been very unkind to them B) are becoming stressed because of their legal situation C) were involved in an accident that took place at Ibiza Airport D) are suing the company because they had a terrible holiday E) have suffered a lot because of the badly-organised holiday 44- The incident............... .
A) happened because the plane had difficulty stopping B) was a minor accident at Manchester Airport C) was not a major one because only twenty passengers were injured D) has not yet been proved to have occurred E) occurred when the airplane couldn't stop and hit a service bus
45- The travel company ................ . A) has hired a lawyer to obtain the passengers' signatures B) has already paid compensation to the passengers C) claims that the passengers didn't need help after this incident D) left some of the injured passengers in Spain after the accident E) feels that it did enough to help passengers after the incident
Temporarily losing your voice is common enough, especially in winter, when throats suffer from coughs and colds and dry, heated atmospheres. Teachers, lecturers, lawyers and other professionals whose work involves talking are especially vulnerable to vocal strain, while dropping the vocal pitch to be softer, hardening it to give authority or raising it to be heard can all cause damage. Emotional stress, smoking and drinking alcohol and throat infections are all possible causes of vocal loss, while some drugs, such as anti-histamines, can alter voice quality. For those whose voice is their tool, the best advice when acute throat illness strikes is to stay off work, drink plenty of water, suck glycerin sweets and take steam inhalations at least twice a day.
46- The writer claims that............. . A) almost all people lose their voices during winter B) coughs and colds are caused by dry, heated atmospheres C) it is not unusual for people to lose their voices for a time D) people only lose their voices during the winter months E) only people with certain jobs are likely to lose their voices
47- The author warns that your voice may be harmed if................ . A) you work in any professional occupation B) your voice is naturally rather soft and deep C) you work for an authoritarian boss D) your personality is particularly hard E) you have to struggle to be audible
48- The passage states that while you are taking certain drugs like anti-histamlnes, .............. .
A) you must take care not to strain your throat too much B) you may find the sound of your voice changes a bit C) you should drink lots of water and suck glycerin sweets D) it is important not to smoke or to drink alcohol E) you will inevitably suffer from vocal loss or vocal strain
Food preservation systems in general slow down or stop the growth of microorganisms, but not all microorganisms are harmful. Some, in fact, are commonly used in preservation. In the process known as fermentation, microorganisms convert carbohydrates to acid. Salt, or a brine solution made with salt, is also used. The amount of salt used determines whether or not any organism can grow and what types will grow. Fermented products are left in containers with salt solutions for several weeks in rooms with carefully controlled temperatures. Each group of microorganisms has an optimum temperature for growth which the processor must maintain so that correct fermentation action will take place. Fermented foods include pickles made of fruits and vegetables-, wine and beer, cheeses, vinegar, and pickled meats.
49- We learn from the passage that microorganisms .............. .
A) are prevented totally from developing in the process of food preservatiori B) are employed in all the methods of food preservation C) are often preserved and used to make certain types of foods D) may be either useful or dangerous to human beings E) can only develop and grow in a heated environment
50- In the process of fermentation described in the passage, ……… .
A) a combination of salt, water and microorganisms is heated B) acid must be added to the existing carbohydrates in the food C) microorganisms are allowed to grow up to a desired level D)carbohydrates slow down or stop the growth of microorganisms E) microorganisms must be added to the product over several weeks
51- The author tells us that in order to create products fermented using salt, ...................
A) the food should be contained in salt water at set temperatures B) it is important that no water is added during the process C) the room containing the products should be kept very warm D) the growth of microorganisms must be completely stopped E) only a small quantity of salt should be used for the best results
In the history of public opinion research, no poll has ever gained so much notoriety as that conducted in 1936 fay Literary Digest magazine. More than 10 million ballots were sent to readers to get their preferences in the upcoming presidential election between Franklin Roosevelt and Alfred Landon. The returns indicated that Landon would win easily. This poll was contradicted by separate statistical samplings taken by Gallup and Roper, which pointed to a Roosevelt victory. Roosevelt won in the first great landslide, that is, overwhelming victory, election of the 20th century. The problem was in the method of polling. The Digest poll was a kind of survey called a straw poll, which was completely nonscientific. The Gallup and Roper polls, by contrast, were more recently devised and were carefully calculated statistical samplings. 52- The Literary Digest poll in 1936 became notorious because ………….. .
A) its result was different from the result of Gallup and Roper's polls B) Its results were completely wrong, due to an inaccurate system C) the ballots were sent to the readers through the postal service D) it was asking people who would win the presidential election E) it asked its readers who they would vote for, before the election
53- In the author's opinion, in 1936, Gallup and Roper ................. . A) pointed out the faults in the straw poll system B) ran a rival magazine to Literary Digest C) wanted Franklin Roosevelt to win the election D) had an up-to-date and superior polling system E) didn't have a very scientific system for polling
54- Roosevelt won the election ................. .
A) despite the result of the Gallup and Roper samplings B) and became President with a large majority of the vote C) in the twentieth century's first presidential election D) due to the support of Gallup and Roper's polling system E) as indicated by the Literary Digest magazine's poll
Andrew Wyeth is an American realist artist. His picture of a Pennsylvania boy riding his new bicycle, entitled Young America', is painted with a high degree of precision and attention to detail. Its first impression is one of freedom, for the boy cycles with ease over the flat landscape. However, the land and the sky are both without event, and while this means that there is nothing to detract from the rider, it also suggests that he is passing through an empty world. The boy is looking out of the picture and away from the viewer; whatever he is gazing at can be guessed but not seen. The colours of the picture are soft, and the largest area is a neutral grey. The chief impression is one of melancholy.
55- Prom the description of the painting, we understand that
A) the artist paints in a bold, Impressionistic style B) the painting is an abstract work, resembling nothing real C) the artist paints in a detailed, true-to-life style D) Wyeth paints what he feels, regardless of detail E) the picture is painted in a very old fashioned style
56- We may gather from the description that................. .
A) all the colours used in this painting have faded in time B) the only colour used in this painting is grey C) the artist has used bright, contrasting colours D) the precision of details in the picture may disturb the viewer E) the colours in this painting are not bright
57- According to the author, when you look at this painting keenly, …………. .
A) the eyes of the boy look straight into yours B) the main thing you'll feel is a sense of freedom C) your attention will be held by the background D) the major image you'll receive is one of sadness E) you'll see the boy looking at another person
Every year from late summer to early spring, 1.5 million armed men take to the fields and forests of France to do battle with deer, wild boar and small birds, but most of all, it now appears, with each other. According to the National Hunting Office, a record 269 people were hit by stray bullets in the six-month 1997-98 shooting season — 45 fatally. Ninety-one per cent of the dead and injured were huntsmen. Most of the accidents were cases of mistaken identity, combined with the pressures of the chase. In 1975 a system was introduced requiring would-be hunters to take a half-day hunting course. But the teaching is run by fellow gun-club members, and the rules are only elementary, like teaching how to take care in heavy fog and not to fire across busy roads.
58- According to the passage, we can conclude that hunting ………….. .
A) has been outlawed in France B) is .the most popular sport in France C) has more accidents than any other sport D) is mainly an autumn and winter sport E) is an excuse for shooting other people
59- The statistics for the 1997-98 hunting season show that ………… .
A) most of the casualties occurred among huntsmen themselves B) 91% of huntsmen were killed or hurt in shooting accidents C) a total of 269 people were killed in hunting accidents D) 45 people were murdered rather than accidentally killed E) a total of 314 people were killed or hurt during the hunting season
60- It is implied in the passage that the hunting course ............... .
A) has done a great deal to prevent possible accidents B) is too easy to inform the beginners satisfactorily C) may deter would-be hunters from participating in the sport D) is taught by people with little practical experience of hunting E) teaches easy-to-understand but satisfactory lessons
1 1. A 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. E 6. A 7. C 8. D 9. E 10.B 11.B 12.E 13.A 14.C 15.B 16.D 17.C 18.B 19.D 20.D 21.E 22.A 23.D 24.C 25.C 26.B 27.A 28.C 29.B 30.E 31.D 32.C 33.E 34.E 35.D 36.B 37.D 38.E 39.A 40.B 41.B 42.D 43.C 44.A 45.E 46.C 47.E 48.B 49.D 50.C 51.A 52.B 53.D 54.B 55.C 56.E 57.D 58.D 59.A 60.B
1- The hippopotamus is a large animal, related to the pig, and native to some of the rivers and lakes of Africa. It is an amphibious animal, equally at home on land or in the water. ............. . Another is the two tusk-like teeth in the lower jaw. It has short legs, and its eyes and nostrils protrude high on the head, which allows it to stay comfortably submerged in water for long periods.
A) It is a vegetarian animal, eating plants from lakes and streams B) They can breathe while almost totally immersed in the water C) One distinguishing feature is its smooth, hairless dark hide D) Sometimes they are hunted for their meat and for their teeth E) They feed on vegetation at night and sleep for most of the day
2- ........... . We usually blame a hectic lifestyle for our addiction. However, the caffeine found in coffee has many disadvantages. Caffeine has no energy value, and leaves the body feeling weak. As a stimulant, caffeine causes insomnia, so coffee should be avoided as a bedtime drink. In addition, some researchers maintain that heavy coffee drinkers are more prone to develop coronary heart disease.
A) Drinking coffee with a meal reduces the absorption of iron from food B) Caffeine is present in small amounts in both lea and coffee C) Those who suffer from migraines should avoid drinking coffee D) Most of us drink too much coffee at some point in our lives E) Cocoa, which is used in making chocolate, also contains caffeine
3- Fencing is swordsmanship organised as a sport. Three types of weapon may be used — the foil, the epee, or the sabre. ............ . This is partly designed as a form of protection, consisting of a canvas jacket and trousers, gloves and a face mask. Among other skills, the sport calls for precision, coordination and strategy.
A) The fencer selects his chosen weapon B) There is also a standard type of costume C) A shield may be used during the fight D) There are other weapons required as well E) White is usually the colour of fencing uniforms
4- Bruises are caused when tiny blood vessels are damaged, leading to an accumulation of blood under the skin. ............ . To avoid this, start by increasing your consumption of these essential nutrients. Citrus fruits, such as oranges, are rich in vitamin C, while dark green leafy vegetables, such as spinach, are rich in both vitamins C and K.
A) Bruises look unattractive, and can be avoided if we eat properly and lake care B) Very easy bruising is usually due to a nutritional deficiency of vitamins C or K C) Fruit and vegetables are a wonderful source of goodness, containing many vitamins D) Along with such sports injuries as fractures, sprains and dislocations, bruises are common E) Some minor medical problems can be cured quite easily by eating nutritional foods
5- ............. and experts predict that, if the trend continues at this rate, within a few years, and certainly by 2005, for the first time in human history, half of the 6.5 billion people of our planet will be living in towns and cities. That is an enormous change. In 1950, only 29 percent of the world's population of 2.5 billion were urban dwellers.
A) Cities offer more to attract people than rural areas B) The world's population is difficult to calculate C) Population density is expressed in people per square kilometre D) Many migrants work in poorly paid employment E) The world's urban population is growing fast
6- Beautiful, easy to work, and indestructible, gold has inspired artists, wherever it has occurred. ............... . Thus gold-rich Indians of Central and South America created exquisite works and, when the Spanish conquered South America, they took examples of this treasure back to Europe.
A) Not surprisingly, the best artistry was found where raw material was abundant B) Some of the greatest work in goid was created by artists in Renaissance Europe C) The ancient Egyptians linked gold to the Sun and to Ra, the god of the Sun D) The Etruscans of Northern Italy were famous for making golden jewellery E) Gold has always been much more valuable than silver and most other metals
7- Skating has been a means of winter transportation on the ice for many centuries. Polished animal bones were first used as skates, foltowed by wooden runners and iron skates. In 1850, steel skates were introduced for the first time in Philadelphia. ............... but the first speed championships were held in Canada in 1887.
A) Canadians are among the best skaters in the world today B) Ice skaters who wanted to skate when there was no ice probably developed roller skates C) The introduction of steel skates was a major development D) A few people were interested in skating in the 19th century E) Skating as a sport began and was developed in Scotland
8- ........... . He left $9,000,000 in his will, the interest to be distributed yearly to those who had most benefitted humankind in physics, chemistry, medicine-physiology, literature and promotion of peace. The first Nobel Prizes were awarded in 1901. In 1996, each prize was worth more than $1 million.
A) The first Nobel Prize in Economic Science was awarded in 1969; 68 years later B) Nelson Mandela, the President of South Africa, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 C) The Nobel Prizes are named after Alfred B. Nobel, the inventor of dynamite D) Both the Pulitzer prizes and the Nobel prizes carry financial rewards for the winners E) To win a Nobel prize is one of the highest honours a person can ever receive
9- Construction on the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy began in 1174. This was suspended when the builders became aware that the shallow foundation would be.inadequate in the soft soil. ............ . The Tower has eight storeys, and today slants more than 14 feet from the perpendicular.
A) Known for its leaning tower and its art, Pisa is the capital of the province of Pisa B) Due to this problem, the Leaning Tower only stood six floors high C) Perhaps they realised that this tower would be a tourist attraction D) Nevertheless, the structure was complete by the late 14th century E) Galileo dropped weights from the tower to prove his views concerning falling bodies
10- The show The Romance of Helen Trent was first broadcast in 1933. It became one of the most popular serials of its day and was the forerunner of many daily, 15-minute soap operas. The reasons for its popularity were obvious. ............. . Moreover, the plot focused on the romantic difficulties of stereotyped middle-class women. The programme lasted until June 24, 1960. During its 27-year run, three different actresses played the part of Helen.
A) The theatre which produced the play made millions of dollars B) It appealed to women and was broadcast during the day C) It was an informative documentary, with factual reportage D) Helen Trent wrote the series while she was in her late twenties E) The show was the longest play that has ever been seen on the stage
11- Marriage is a step that young people in the West seem increasingly unwilling to take. ............ . But there are other reasons as well. Most young people today, both male and female, seem intent on pursuing a career rather than settling down and having children. Increasing opportunities for women also mean that they see a role for themselves outside of being the traditional wife and mother.
A) In addition, many high schools, colleges, and universities offer courses in preparing for marriage B) In one form or another, marriage has existed almost as long as civilisation itself C) With the press poking into every aspect of people's private lives, there seems to be no privacy any more D) The old saying that "two can live as cheaply as one" is still as true as ever E) They must be discouraged by the divorce rate, which has been increasing in recent years
12- ............ . Instead of dumping rubbish in an unhygienic landfill, why not use it to heat or cool our homes and offices in place of, or as a supplement to, expensive fossil fuels? It would mean less pollution and would ease the drain on lessening reserves of coal, gas and oil.
A) Humans first made use of wind power in ancient Egypt thousands of years ago B) Nuclear energy is seen by many as the source of inexpensive, clean power C) Coal is dirty, oil and natural gas are scarce, but solar energy is safe, clean and free D) Waste-to-energy schemes could solve two of our most difficult problems in one stroke E) It's disgusting that people drop rubbish in the street and damage the environment
13- Sunburn is similar to any other kind of burn, but is usually not felt until several hours after exposure. .............. . With short, gradual exposures to the sun, your skin builds its melanin filter, which blocks these harmful rays and prevents burning. In this way, everyone apart from exceptionally fair-skinned people can gradually and safely acquire a suntan.
A) The skin damage is caused by ultraviolet rays B) To protect your skin, you should avoid the sun C) Reactions to overexposure to the sun vary from mild to severe D) People with dark skins are unlikely to get burnt E) You will feel the effects almost instantly
14- Thomas Jefferson was an American statesman and the principal author of the Declaration of Independence. He was elected the third president of the United States. ........... . The Louisiana Purchase, as it was called, was the biggest sale of land in history, and doubled the size of the United States.
A) During his administration, he sent explorers across the continent to the Pacific Ocean B) He was preceded in the position by John Adams, and followed by James Madison C) In this capacity, he bought, from France, a huge stretch of territory west of the Mississippi D) In this election, he tied with Aaron Burr, so the election had to be settled by the Congress E) He owned a large piece of land in Virginia, known as Monticello, and on it, he kept many slaves
15- In most cases, the right half of your brain serves the left side of your body, and vice versa. ............. . The left side of your left eye is served by the left half of your brain, and the right side of your left eye is served by the right half of your brain. The same pattern, in reverse, occurs for your right eye.
A) The right side of the brain controls creativity B) Basically, there are six parts to each eye C) Every part of your body works like this D) Faulty vision may require the use of glasses E) However, this is different for your eyes
16- Anton Chekhov was a Russian novelist and dramatist, who trained as a doctor but soon turned to writing. His famous plays include The Cherry Orchard and The Seagull. ..............; however, he also wrote novels and short stories, all with his own brand of satirical humour. Most of his works, set in the Russia of his own day, present a comprehensive picture of late imperial society. Above all, they represent a serious inquiry, relieved by humour, into the human condition.
A) Chekhov had a strong sense of humour B) The author is known chiefly for these plays C) He accomplished worldwide fame D) Chekhov differed from his predecessors Tolstoi and Dostoyevsky E) In both fiction and drama, Chekhov was an innovator
17- The baboon is a mammal belonging to the monkey family, native to Arabia and parts of Africa. Baboons live in groups or troops of as many as fifty animals and are considered to be the most intelligent of the monkeys. ........... . Therefore, even lions tend to stay away from the male baboon. However, they rarely fight amongst themselves in the wild.
A) They live on fruit, vegetables, insects and small animals B) Intelligence is the individual's ability to think and solve problems C) These animals are considered to be playful and mischievous D) They are also very strong and extremely dangerous when angered E) Lions may still be found in their natural habitat in parts of Africa
18- ............. . The reason for this is that, in standing, there is a constant demand on the same muscles. If a person is employed in an occupation that requires' long periods of standing, some muscles may become excessively strained and painful. In walking or running, however, your weight is more evenly distributed among the twenty muscles in each of your feet and the thirteen in each leg above the feet.
A) The skin on the soles of your feet is extremely thick B) Walking and running can be very bad for your feet C) Your feet are the basic foundations of your body D) In the majority of people, the big toe is the longest E) Standing in one spot is far more tiring than walking
19- The Himalayas are a vast range of mountains in Asia that extend for over 2,410 km across the northern frontier of India. ............ . This was first climbed in 1953 by a team including the New Zealander, Sir Edmund Hillary. Since then it has been conquered many times.
A) The Ganges and the Indus rivers both rise in the Himalayas B) The southern slopes of the mountain are the steepest C) The Andes are surpassed in height only by the Himalayas D) Nepal in the Himalayas was closed to the outside world E) They include the highest mountain in the world, Everest
20- Andre Marie Ampere, who lived from 1775 to 1836, was a French scientist who did important work in the field of electro-magnetism. He demonstrated that electric currents produce magnetic fields and investigated the relationship between these two phenomena. ............. though it is usually shortened to 'amp'.
A) He is credited with the identification of electrical currents B) His work is complemented by that of the Scot, James Watt C) The electrical unit of current strength is named after him D) He discovered the law of force between magnets and wires E) His work led to greater understanding of electrical forces
21- Andrea: My hair is looking dreadful at the moment and I've got an interview tomorrow. Sheryl: ................ Andrea: That's a great idea. Do you know a good place? Sheryl: Well, there's a salon on King Street that I like.
A) Why don't you let me cut your hair for you this afternoon? B) Let's go shopping and you can buy a really nice new suit. C) l think you should put your hair up in a bun. I can help you if you like. D) Well, if I were you, I'd have my hair done before I went. E) Yes, it doesn't look very nice. You had better wear a hat, perhaps.
22- Peter: I've been trying to get hold of Mary, but she's not in the office. Mark: ............... Peter: So she has! I'd completely forgotten. Mark: I think she said she'd be at home this evening.
A) That's because she's taken the afternoon off to go to the dentist. B) Mary lost her job last week, and she's looking for another one. C) It's Saturday today. She doesn't work on Saturday afternoons. D) She went home early because she wasn't feeling very well. E) She's only working part-time now. She doesn't have to work late.
23- Clara: ................. Janet: Oh, I share your opinion completely. They definitely should. Anna: I disagree. I have to work — we need the money. Clara: I'm sorry. I didn't mean to offend you.
A) People shouldn't talk about how much they earn, should they? B) Anna, I think you should give up work now that you have a child. C) Do you think women should earn the same salaries as men? D) I'd like to know if you think my firm should pay me more. E) I think all mothers should stay home with their children.
24- Daisy: Your car's running very smoothly. Have you recently had it serviced? Bob: Not exactly, but I had a new engine put in last week. Daisy: .................. Bob: Yes, I did.
A) Did you do all the work yourself? B) That must have cost you a lot of money. C) Oh, you're very good at fixing your car then. D) l suppose you took it to your local garage. E) What did you do with the old engine?
25- Karen: Don't you work for the lawyers Matthews and Bourne? Grace: ............. Karen: Oh dear, I'm really sorry to hear that. Grace: Never mind. I've already found a new and better job.
A) Yes, but they are suffering from a lack of clients these days. B) You seem as if you haven't heard that they went bankrupt. C) Oh, I've only been with them for a little more than three months. D) I used to, before I started my own business with a friend of mine. E) Is it true that you used to work before you got married?
26- Alfred: I suggest we try the new Chinese Restaurant on the corner of Bridge Street and Main Avenue. Henry: Sorry, but I can't stand Chinese food. Donald: ................ Alfred: Well, you choose then, as it really doesn't matter to me.
A) I think you've been there before, haven't you? Was it nice? B) Nor do I. I always feel ill after I've eaten a Chinese meal. C) Actually, neither can I. Why don't we go somewhere else? D) So do I! Isn’t it the most disgusting food you've ever had? E) Oh, having just received my salary, I can afford to go to such an expensive restaurant.
27- Basil:............... Doug: Yes, he has, and I'm afraid he's still not back. Basil: Well, will you send him to my office as soon as he returns? I need to see him urgently. Doug: Yes, of course I will, Basil.
A) Has Larry gone to the bank again? B) Has anyone seen Larry in the office? C) When's Larry seeing the accountant? D) Is Larry still on his lunch break? E) Larry hasn't arrived here yet, has he?
28- Sally: Did you see Teresa yesterday? Alice: .............. Sally: Have they really? What wonderful news! Alice: Yes, she was really excited about it.
A) Yes, I did. She's found a new job as a journalist with a new women's magazine. B) Yes. She and Bruce have finally got engaged and set a date for the wedding. C) Teresa told me some fantastic news. You really won't believe what's happened. D) Yes. They haven't found a flat yet even though they have been looking for one month. E) No. She's still on holiday in London and won't be back until next Wednesday.
29- John: I hear James is leaving his company. Bill: .............. John: Didn't he? That's strange. Bill: Maybe he hasn't made a final decision yet.
A) No, that's not true. After careful consideration, he's decided not to resign. B) He wasn't given the promotion that he wanted and was definitely qualified for. C) Really? I saw him yesterday and he didn't mention anything about it. D) Actually, I was told that he didn't want to leave but had no other alternative. E) He told me not to tell anyone about his decision until he'd told his staff personally,
30- Moira: ................ Lindsay: No, but if I happen to see it, I'll let you know. Moira: Thanks. I had it only yesterday, but now I don't know what I've done with it.
A) Have you seen my car keys anywhere, Lindsay? B) Did you like" the new Brad Pitt film? I think you've seen it. C) What did you do with the newspaper I bought? I haven't read it yet. D) Did anything unusual happen at work yesterday? E) You haven't seen the latest issue of National Geographic, have you?
31- Joe: Officer, my car's been burgled. Policeman: ............ Joe: My briefcase, and the stereo. Policeman: You'd better come down to the station and file a report.
A) Do you know what was taken from your car, Sir? B) Is there anything else you'd like to report, Sir? C) Did the thieves take anything else as well, Sir? D) Can you give us an accurate description of your vehicle, Sir? E) Did you lock the car properly when you left it, Sir?
32- George: Are you going to the office party on Friday night? Rufus: ................ George: I don't either, but I feel I ought to go, so I suppose I will.
A) No. definitely not. Ill be too tired by the end of the week. B) l haven't decided yet, but I don't want to. C) Yes. I am. I think it will be a rice evening. D) Nobody has told me there's going to be a party. E) I'd like to, but I'm not sure what to wear.
33- Glenda: Oh, I'm so glad to be home. Patty: Where have you been? I was worried about you. Glenda: .............. Patty: You poor thing. I know what they're like on a Friday evening.
A) I must collect the children from school and take them shopping. B) I had to go to the supermarket and there were awful queues. C) I went out to see a film with one of my friends from work. D) I think I should finish work at about half past five today. E) You shouldn't have worried. I've been having a meal with friends.
34- Barbara: .............. Angela: I'm absolutely certain. I've got lots of work to do. Barbara: Well, if you change your mind, you'll be very welcome.
A) Would you like to come to the cinema tonight? B) Do you have to baby-sit Tommy this evening? C) I'm not certain whether Jim will join us for the theatre. D) Are you sure you don't want to go out with us? E) Aren't you going out for dinner tonight?
35- Max: Have you heard anything from Sonia since she left? Tom: .............. Max: Yes, I suppose she must, with a new job and a strange town to get used to. Perhaps she'll write soon. Tom: I certainly hope so.
A) No, but her family must have got some news from her. B) I had a letter from her yesterday. C) No, not a word. She must be very busy. D) No, I haven't. I must talk to her mum. E) Her family told me she's very well.
36- Brian: I can't get the timer on the video to work. Have you got any idea how it works? Owen: ............... Brian: It's useless because it's in Japanese.
A) Where was your video recorder made? B) I think you should watch this program instead. C) What do you think the problem with it is? D) Don't you think you should phone the manufacturers? E) Why don't you read the instruction manual?
37- Gerry: Thank you very much. That was absolutely delicious. Fiona: I'm glad you liked it — it was my grandmother's recipe. Gerry: ............... Fiona: Well yes, I think she is.
A) Does she really enjoy cooking? B) She must be a wonderful cook, C) You should certainly give it to me. D) Does she write all her recipes down? E) It's the best apple pie I've tasted.
38- Vicky: I want to have the sitting room painted next week. Rita: ................ Vicky: Well, for one thing, I don't have a ladder or any other equipment. A) I know someone who'll do a good job. B) Why? It looks absolutely fine to me. C) Do you think it will cost a lot of money? D) Why don't you just do it yourself? E) Isn't that going to be difficult for you?
39- Paula: I'm putting in a load of washing. Is there anything you want done? Diana: Is there room in the machine for my purple skirt? Paula: ............. Diana: Yes, I guess it should. You're right.
A) Yes. I think there should be. B) Shouldn't that be hand-washed? C) I would have them dry-cleaned if I were you. D) Your trousers should be washed, too. E) You ought to wash that in lukewarm water.
40- Lizzy: Have you invited the Rogers to the party? Simon: ............... Lizzy: If you're not certain, I'd better give them a ring tonight, just in case you didn't.
A) Well, I think I mentioned it to them on Friday. B) No, I'm sorry. I completely forgot about them. C) Yes, but they're not sure if they can come. D) I don't think we want them at the party, do we? E) l spoke to them last night and they'll be coming.
41- (I) The beetle is an insect with strong jaws and teeth adapted for biting and chewing. (II) They eat other insects, trees, plants and leather. (İÜ) There are 40,000 existing species of fly. (IV) Except for flies, they include the greatest number of insect species. (V) Their life cycle consists of egg, larval, pupal and adult stages.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
42- (I) Hans Christian Andersen was a Danish writer who lived from 1805 to 1875. (II) The Grimm brothers also wrote children's stories during this period, (III) Among his many classic children's stories which have been translated into more than 100 languages are The Little Mermaid, The Tin Soldier and The Little Match Girl (IV) His story The Ugly Duckling is generally regarded as a fabled account of his own rather sad life. (V) Reflecting his importance as a national literary figure, a commemorative statue of the Little Mermaid stands in Copenhagen harbour.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 43- (I) Some scholars contend that in its origins, music is the oldest form of human expression. (II) Ritualised shouts were probably practised long before men could speak or draw, (III) The ancient Greeks believed that music had divine properties. (IV) Pythagoras is best known for his contributions to geometry, especially his famous theorem. (V) Pythagoras was one of many who sought a mystical connection between numbers and musical pitch.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
44- (I) William Shakespeare was born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, married Anne Hathaway, and worked as an actor in London. (II) Beyond this, little is known about his life. (Ill) His plays are universally acknowledged as the greatest ever written, with regard to both their poetry and their insight. (IV) This has led people to question the authorship of some or all of his plays. (V) Nevertheless, the authorship is generally accepted.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
45- (I) Wool is a fibrous type of hair, usually curly, grown by sheep and some other mammals, and spun into yarn. (II) As a material for clothing, it is warm, strong and unaffected by moisture. (III) It is also able to hold coloured dyes. (IV) Despite the introduction of many artificial fibres this century, wool is still extensively used. (V) Nylon is an artificial material first produced in the United States in the 1930s and is strong and long-lasting.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
46- (I) The Gobi Desert is a very large, arid desert region in Mongolia and northern China. (II) Mongolia is one of the world's oldest countries and was at the height of its power in the thirteenth century. (HI) It is approximately 500,000 square miles in area. (IV) Traditionally the only people who inhabited the desert were nomads. (V) However, the Mongolians have recently irrigated some areas and opened them up to agriculture.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
47- (I) Languages change, and we cannot stop them from changing. (II) Why and how did man start using the sounds that we call human language? (Ill) We can only guess at the answer to this. (IV) Primitive man may have communicated with visual signs before he developed into a talker, but there is no reason to suppose that his movements were accompanied by silence. (V) Perhaps primitive man used sound to help out gesture, just as we use nods and smiles to help out speech.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
48- (I) When Jonathan Swift wrote Gulliver's Travels, he intended it as a satire on all of humankind, (II) He proposed, in his own words, "to irritate the world rather than divert it". (Ill) The tiny Lilliputians, the imaginary characters of the book, are vain, malicious and bloodthirsty. (IV) Instead, people enjoyed his story and gave it to children to read. (V) Today most readers know this quite ferocious accusation of human nature only as an amusing tale for children.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
49- (I) Treatment of sports-related injuries depends on accurate diagnosis and early treatment to prevent further injury, (II) 'It won't do you any good to exercise unless you do it until it hurts,' the saying goes. (III) This is absolutely false. [TV} Although you may get some benefit from doing exercise until it 'hurts', this is not necessary to acquire an adequate level of fitness. CV) în fact, greater benefits can be derived from exercise by avoiding soreness and stiffness.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
50- (I) In 1963, the craze of Beatlemania began, and the Beatles became famous worldwide, (II) All four of the Beatles were born in Liverpool, England. (III) Their concerts were chaos, attended by hundreds of fans. (IV) People dressed like them and cut their hair like them. (V) Their records sold millions of copies.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
51- (I) Card games have been played for centuries. (II) They remain popular in spite of the growth of such forms of entertainment as board games and home video games. (Ill) Much of their popularity rests on the fact that they are participation games, not spectator events. (IV) In most games, the cards are shuffled before dealing, and it is usually the practice to have someone cut them first. (V) The enormous variety of games that can be played with a single deck of cards adds to their popularity.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
52- (I) The word 'bedouin' is derived from the Arabic 'bedawin', meaning 'desert dwellers'. (II) These nomadic tribesmen are still numerous in the uncultivated, arid areas of Syria, Iraq, Arabia and North Africa. (III) They live in tents and raise sheep, goats, camels and horses. (IV) Camels have a stomach adapted to store water, which enables the animal to exist in desert areas. (V) They follow a strict code of conduct, which includes the obligation of hospitality to travellers.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
53- (I) Before sugar became available in Europe, honey was virtually the only sweetening agent, (II) In order to produce honey, the worker bee collects nectar from flowers and carries it back to the hive. (III) There it is placed in the wax cells of the honeycomb. (IV) At least 20,000 of these trips are required to make one pound of honey. (V) Then the cells are sealed, and the honey serves as food for the hive in winter.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
54- (I) Malay is spoken as a first or second language by over 100 million people. (II) It has been called 'the world's easiest language'. (III) English has borrowed many Malay words, such as 'bamboo'. (IV) Its grammar, pronunciation and word forms are all very simple. (V) For example, verbs have only one tense and nouns are always singular.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
55- (I) In Greek legend. Hero was a beautiful priestess living at Sestos on the European side of the Hellespont, (II) Hellespont is named after Helle, a mythical Boetian princess who was drowned in its swift waters after falling from the back of the legendary ram with the golden fleece. (Ill) Leander, a youth of Abydos on the Asian side, swam across to her nightly. (IV) He was guided by a torch which she held, standing at the top of a tower. (V) One stormy night he was drowned, and she jumped from the tower to drown with him.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
56- (I) Basketball is primarily a men's game, which originated in the USA. (II) Netball is a British indoor or outdoor women s handball game. (Ill) Not dissimilar to basketball, it is played between a team of seven on a court with a circular open net suspended on a 10-foot post at each end. (IV) The aim of the game is to pass the ball until it can be thrown through the opponents' net. (V) Players can not move with the ball but must pass or shoot for the goal.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
57- (I) Pompeii was an ancient city situated at the foot of Mount Vesuvius, (II) In the 1th century B.C. its inhabitants were made citizens of Rome and it became a flourishing city, (III) According to legend, Rome came into existence in 753 B.C. (IV) However, in A.D. 63, it was partly destroyed by an earthquake, and in A.D. 79, it was totally buried by an eruption of the volcano. (V) The buried city was not rediscovered until 1748.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
58- (I) Radiocarbon dating is a method of dating fossils and other organic archeological objects. (II) It was developed by W.F. Libby in 1946. (III) It is based on the presence of radioactive carbon-14 atoms in all organic matter. (IV) Rocks are dated by using a different method. (V) As these disintegrate, it is possible to assess the age of an object by measuring the proportion of carbon-14 which remains.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
59- (I) The International Labour Organisation is a United Nations agency that was established by the League of Nations in 1919. (II) The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial section of the United Nations whose purpose is to solve disputes among member states. (Ill) Its object is to improve the conditions of workers and seamen all over the world. (IV) Every year, it holds a conference to which all the member states send four delegates. (V) In addition, it sends experts to countries which ask for help in such matters as the setting up of trade or technical schools.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
60- (I) Rain forests are found in regions of constant heavy rainfall where the vegetation is dense owing to heat and moisture. (II) These forests are found in tropical areas, such as in the Amazon and the Congo basins. (Ill) Trees grow to great heights and orchids and other flowers are abundant. (IV) However, clearing is difficult and the soil is usually very poor, so they have little agricultural value. (V) Timber is one of the principal exports of the Congo, along with peanuts and tobacco.
TEST YOURSELF 1 1- Mary: Do you know whether we've got any more photocopy paper? Jane: ..................... Mary: I didn't see any there. Jane: Then I guess we'd better order some. I'll telephone our supplier.
A) No, I think it's all been used up, but we have ordered some more. B) Have you looked under the copier? It's usually there if we have any. C) Of course I do. It's my job to know. I'll fetch a new box for you. D) Do I look like a stationer? Why don't you check for yourself? E) I just bought a box yesterday. Here's the key to the stockroom.
2- Harold: Tomorrow is Jack's 30th birthday. Bruce: Why don't we get him a cake or something? Harold: .......................... Bruce: Okay, let me know what it costs and we can split the cost between us.
A) He's on a diet. I don't think he'll like the idea. B) I was thinking we could take him out for a drink. C) I don't know. I think he's got the day off from work. D) Good idea. I'll stop at the baker's on the way to work. E) Do you know of any baker's that will deliver one .here?
3- Fred: Are you familiar with the term 'agoraphobia'? Norma: ............. Fred: It's used to describe an intense, irrational fear of crossing through a wide-open space.
A) No, 1 don't believe you! Do you mean you have that phobia? B) Yes, but I don't really believe in it. Do you? C) Isn't it a fear of wide-open spaces? I read an article about it in a magazine. D) No, I don't think I've ever heard that word before. What does it mean? E) Yes, my uncle has been suffering from it for years, and I think it's incurable, isn't it?
4- Thelma: Excuse me, have you got change for a five-pound note? Louise: .................... Thelma: Thanks, that would be perfect. Louise: Here you are, then.
A) All I've got at the moment is a couple of ten-pound notes. Sorry, I can't help you. B) No, you should try asking at a bank. There's one down the street between the Post Office and McDonalds. C) I've got a whole pocket full of 20p coins, so I have if you don't mind it being in small denominations. D) Let me see. That works out to be about eight dollars, doesn't it? E) Yes, ! have, but I need it for myself as 1 want to have the right change for the taxi, sorry.
5- Yvonne: How much is it to send a fax to Canada these days? Pierre: .............. Yvonne: Two. Pierre: Then it'll come to £1.50.
A) Well, it depends on how long it is, 1 mean, how many pages. B) I don't think the price changes according to the time of day, as does the telephone. C) Isn't it wonderful to be able to send so many pages in just a few minutes? D) Why do you need that? Have you got any friends there? E) Is it urgent? if not, I can send It from the machine in our office tomorrow.
6- Teller: Can I help you? Customer: Good morning. I'd like to withdraw one hundred pounds from my savings account. Teller: ............. Customer: Four twenties and a couple of tens, please.
A) I'm sorry, but we are having a problem with the system at the moment. B) Certainly, Sir. How would you like that? C) Can you tell me your account number please? D) Have you got any identification, Sir? It's just the usual procedure, you know. E) I'm sorry, the largest note is the 50 pound note. Do you want it anyway?
7- Delia: Oh, this is my favourite song. Shall we dance? Bill: I'm not very good at it. Delia: ........... Bill: Okay, but no laughing, please.
A) Okay then, if you don't want to, I'll ask Tom. B) Let's just go home then. There's no point in staying here. C) Just let me finish my drink. Then 1 promise that I'll have a go. D) That's right. I forgot how embarrassed you were at the graduation ball. E) That doesn't matter. Come on, just this once — it'll be fun!
8- George: ............ Barbara: Thanks. I wish I was still there. George: So, you had a good time then. Barbara: It was fabulous! The sea was wonderful, and the hotel was excellent! A) Welcome back from your holiday. B) So, how did it go at the dentist? C) That dress looks great on you. D) Have a good time in California. E) Have you got your holiday photos?
9- Denişe: I need to let my manager know that I have been delayed. Do you mind if I use your phone? Charles: .............. Denişe: How does it work? Charles: First dial 9, then the number.
A) I'm afraid, visitors aren't allowed to. Sorry. B) Sure, there's a phone box in the lobby. C) I'm not sure about that. Do you think he is in the office at this hour? D) No, go ahead. You can use the one at my desk. E) Of course I do. Please make yourself at home.
10- Victor: Do you know the name of that film in which Robin Williams plays a Russian? Cecil: Isn't it Love in Moscow or something like that? Victor: .............. Cecil: That was a really funny film. He's such a good actor.
A) No, that's not it. I just saw it on video last weekend. B) Oh, I remember now. It was Moscow on the Hudson. C) Sorry, I don't like Robin Williams's films at all. D) I was sure you'd remember. Come on, think Cecil. E) Is it true that most of the scenes of the film were really shot in Moscow?
11- Wilma: Did you see al! those policemen at the tube station? Betty: Oh, yes. What was going on there? Wilma: ................ Betty: Did they catch him? Wilma: Fortunately, yes.
A) Yes, I was there when it all started happening. B) No, but I came very close to getting shot. C) I was driving to the shops when I saw him. He looked horrible! D) A group of people were protesting the latest price increase. E) Apparently, there was a fight and a man had a gun.
12- Teller: How can I help you. Madam? Tourist: .............. Teller: I'm sorry, but we don't take Hungarian forints. Tourist: Really? Do you know of anywhere that does?
A) Is it possible to buy Hungarian money here? B) Can I change 20,000 forints to pounds, please? C) Do you know where the Hungarian Embassy is? D) Do i need my passport to change money here? E) Do you speak Hungarian or German by chance?
13- Kelly: How can you bear this cold weather? Chuck: ............... Kelly: Do you mean it gets even worse than this? Chuck: Of course. Last winter the temperature went down as low as 25°C below zero.
A) Oh, this is nothing. Wait till February. B) It's horrible, isn't it? I'm nearly frozen. C) l heard this morning was a new record. D) I can't. I'm looking forward to spring. E) Well, at least it's not raining today.
14- Manual: Have you ever read Don Quixote? Carlos: ............ Manuel: I know, and I'm supposed to write a paper on it. Carlos: Maybe you should buy the book notes. They're easier to understand.
A) It's great. I've read it a few times and will probably read it again. B) Yes, I especially like the interpretation by the Moscow's Bolshoi Ballet. C) I thought it was quite interesting. What did you think of it? D) I tried to, but I found it much too long and confusing. E) I love the part when he's fighting the windmills.
15- Ticket Seller: Good morning. Sir. What can I do for you? Commuter: Good morning. I'd like a period return to Cardiff. Ticket Seller: .................. Commuter: When does the next train leave?
A) There is a special price 'for day returns to Cardiff at the moment. Are you returning today? B) Would you like to travel first class or second? C) Unfortunately, you can't get there from here. D) Isn't that the capital of Wales? E) When would you like to travel?
16- Kris: Would you like to come to the new steak house with us? Fred: ................ Kris: Sorry. I didn't think about that. Fred: Don't worry about it. Maybe next week we can go to the Indian.
A) I'd love to. Are you going right after work? B) Really? When did that place finally open up? C) I don't know. It depends on when you are going. D) Maybe. What kind of food do they serve there? E) I doubt they've got much of a vegetarian menu.
17- Felice: Could you get this film developed for me? Clark: Certainly. What size prints would you like? Felice: ................ Clark: Okay. They should be ready tomorrow afternoon.
A) Let's see. There are 36 pictures on the roll. B) I wear a medium, so that's what I'd like. C) Ten by fifteen. I don't want them glossy, but matte. D) It's 35mm film and it's black and white. E) I don't know. What sizes have you got?
18- Lisa: Would you like a cigarette? Elsa: Thanks anyway, but I've given up. Lisa: ............. Elsa: It wasn't my idea. My doctor ordered it because of my bronchitis.
A) Really? When did you manage to do it? B) I thought I saw you smoking this morning. C) I'd really love one, but I've just run out. D) Congratulations! What made you decide? E) Has your husband decided to give up as well?
19- Pauline: Could you give me a hand opening this jar? Ralph: ................. Pauline: Oh no! What can I do now? Ralph: Let's try running some hot water on it. That usually works.
A) No problem. Here you are. You're not very strong, are you? B) I'm busy. What do you need it for anyway? C) Mmm. I love strawberry jam. Can I have some too? D) Oh! The lid is incredibly tight. I can't manage to open it either, E) Here. That was really difficult. No wonder that you couldn't manage it.
20- Waiter: Can I take your order, please? Stephen: I'll have the leg of lamb. Waiter: ................. Stephen: Alright. I guess the chicken will do.
A) I'm terribly sorry, Sir, but we've run out of that. B) Okay. And what vegetables would you like? C) And what about you, Madam? Will you have the same? D) And would you like me to get you another drink? E) What kind of soup would you like with that?
21- The aurora borealis are the so-called 'northern lights', ............ where they are called aurora australis. The auroras are only seen in the Arctic or Antarctic regions, appearing in bands or curtains of coloured light. They are caused by the entry of solar particles into the Earth's magnetic field.
A) thus chemically excited atoms discharge rays of various coloured light B) so they occur more frequently during periods of high solar activity C) and the same phenomenon can be seen in the southern hemisphere D) because these consist chiefly of electrons which ionize atmospheric gases E) but they are much more common during the middle of the winter
22- Assyria was a kingdom of the ancient world situated in the Middle East in the region between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates. Two of its greatest rulers were Tiglath-Pileser I and Assurbanipal, commemorated on many surviving monuments. ................ the period when it dominated Babylonia, Palestine and Upper Egypt.
A) The most important city in this ancient empire was Nineveh B) The Assyrian race still survives in small numbers today C) The Assyrians are completely unrelated to the Syrians D) The Assyrian empire reached its peak in the 7th century BC E) King Assurbanipal was reportedly very fond of horse-riding
23- The word alcohol is commonly used to mean ethyl alcohol or pure spirits; .......... . Some alcohols are liquids, others solids. Alcohols are used in cleaning products, dyes, perfumes and certain pharmaceutical products. A) the abuse of alcohol is called alcoholism and is difficult to treat B) however, in chemistry it describes a whole group of related substances C) in America, people must be 21 to buy alcohol and 18 for cigarettes D) but alcohol can be any of a number of related liquid compounds E) and it has little use except as a drink or for disinfecting cuts and scrapes 24- Arachnid is the name given to a small class of land animals. Of these, spiders are the best known, and the group also includes scorpions and ticks. ............. . Arachnids have four pairs of legs and no antennae, while insects have three pairs of legs and antennae.
A) The term is simply another word applied to insects B) The fear of these animals is known as arachnophobia C) People who study insects are known as entomologists D) Lobsters and crabs, on the other hand, are in a group called crustaceans E) Although similar in some respects, they are not insects
25- Firearms brought about a decline in the use of archery as a weapon of war. ............. . Archers use a standard-size target, 1.2 metres in diameter. Bows are often made of fibreglass and equipped with calibrated sights, while arrows are constructed from some tubular metal alloy.
A) Guns have a much longer range than arrows and are generally easier to use B) The legendary Robin Hood was said to be highly skilled as an archer C) A gun is composed of a triggering device and a barrel to ensure straight delivery D) Today it is a sport, with world championship contests between national teams E) Before the advent of archery, most fighting was done face to face with swords
26- The ballot is a system of voting whereby each voter indicates his preference on a piece of paper, which is then folded and placed in a ballot box, thus assuring that his identity is kept secret. ............. . The system there was for voters to throw little coloured balls into a box to denote preference.
A) In America today, voters use specially designed voting booths for this purpose B) The word can be traced back to ancient Greece, where it meant 'little ball' C) In many countries, this process is observed, so the secrecy is not complete D) Voting is the method by which people choose their own governmental leaders E) A ballot box can be made of any material, but generally, wood is preferred
27- The camel is a mammal closely related to the llama. ............ . The bactrlan is a sturdy animal with two humps and native to Central Asia, while the dromedary has a single hump and comes from the Sahara desert region.
A) There Eire two species of camel, with distinct physical features B) Camels have been used as beasts of burden for thousands of years C) The llama is native to the Andes Mountains of South America D) The wool of the domesticated llama is called alpaca E) In Africa, thousands of wild camels live in the desert interior
28- ........... . Finally, she managed to persuade one of them and get it accepted. Its publication in 1920 introduced the world to Hercule Poirot, one of the most famous of all names in detective fiction. Persistence, as well as her ingenious plots, made Agatha Christie the foremost writer of detective novels in the 2Oth century.
A) In 1930, Agatha Christie married archaeologist Sir Max Mallowan, whom she frequently accompanied on expeditions to the Middle East B) During her writing career, Agatha Christie wrote about seventy- five successful detective novels C) Agatha Christie's major recognition in the literary world came with the publication of "The Murder of Roger Ackroyd' in 1926 D) Agatha Christie's first manuscript, 'The Mysterious Affair at Styles', was rejected at least six times by publishers E) Agatha Christie's mystery play, "The Mousetrap', set a world record for the longest continuous run at one theatre 29- Spinning is the drawing out and twisting of cotton, wool or flax fibres into thread or yarn. ............... . In the latter part of the 18th century, new types of spinning machines were designed by Hargreaves, Arkwright and Crompton, and these machines turned the process into a manufacturing industry.
A) Since the Middle Ages, it has been a giant business, utilising huge machines B) Due to great advances in the hemp processing industry, flax is no longer used C) For millennia, this was a cottage industry, in which the yarn was spun by a spindle D) What was done with these items is still a mystery to modern cultural anthropologists E) Several years of extreme cold in the 1700s caused people to switch to leather and fur
30- The Suez Canal is 100 miles long and connects the Mediterranean and Red Seas, thus shortening the sea route from Europe to India by 5.0OO miles. It was constructed by the French engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps and opened in 1869. .............. . This caused the so-called Suez Crisis, during which France and Britain both attacked Egypt.
A) Their action was condemned by the United Nations and they withdrew B) In an internationally unpopular decision by Gamal Nasser, it was nationalised by Egypt in 1956 C) The canal can handle an average of sixty vessels per day D) Lesseps had previously served as a French diplomat in several cities, including Alexandria, Cairo and Rome E) The town of Suez is a starting point for Muslim pilgrimages to Mecca in Saudi Arabia
31- ........... . You would register in an old leather-bound book that offered space for comments. The rooms were huge, but likely to flood when you flushed the lavatory. In the bathroom, under the grimy Victorian tubs, cockroaches thrived. The restaurant's Western dishes suggested that the kitchen still had the menus the old colonials loved, but had lost the recipes. But you could console yourself that the place was only costing a few dollars, and sink yourself into an adventure novel of the good old days.
A) The Taj Mahal Hotel in Bombay is one of the most luxurious hotels in India B) Not so long ago, the Strand Hotel in Rangoon was an aging, rundown colonial landmark C) In colonial times, the British built a series of luxury hotels all over the East D) Over-priced, and without a trace of nostalgic atmosphere, many of Asia's 5-star hotels are a waste of money E) The Strand Hotel in Rangoon has recently been refurbished as one of Asia's best and most atmospheric hotels
32- ............ especially as related to the distribution of land and water, physical features, climate, population, agriculture, industry, communications and political boundaries. The name comes from the Greek geo meaning 'Earth.'
A) Some nations and continents have large supplies of certain valuable minerals; others have little B) Geothermal energy is produced from heat within the Earth's crust C) The latitude and longitude of a place is known as the exact location of that place on the Earth D) A study of your community will show that there is a pattern in the location of certain things E) Geography is the science concerned with the surface of the Earth
33- The Gunpowder Plot was a plan supported by many English Catholics, who were suffering from religious persecution at the time, to blow up James I and the English Parliament on November 5th, 1605. ............. . The plot was discovered before it was accomplished and the ringleaders were executed.
A) King James survived the blast, but many Members of Parliament were not nearly so lucky B) After a vote in Parliament, however, they decided the explosion would not be necessary C) The explosion set off an even stronger wave of anti-Catholic feelings and fresh persecutions D) One of the plotters, Guy Fawkes, had stored gunpowder beneath the Parliament in readiness E) The home-made bombs failed to go off and the leaders of the plot fled the country
34- The Greeks called them kometes, meaning 'long-haired'. ............. . In Babylonian times, the appearances, and sometimes the motions, of these messengers of catastrophe, were accurately chronicled. As recently as 191O, when Halley's great comet appeared, people sold special pills to protect the fearful.
A) Like most men since the beginning of history, they regarded them as evil B) A comet is a body that circles the Sun in the same way as a planet, like the Earth C) They become visible as they near the Sun, and sometimes they form a visible tail D) Rarely do scientists have more than three month's notice of a comet's arrival E) They feared the coming of these barbarian tribes of women from Central Asia
35- In the 1830s, William Miller, a New York preacher, became convinced from his reading of the Bible that life on the Earth would end in 1843. He attracted a large following and thousands began to prepare by selling their worldly possessions. As 1843 passed without incident, ............ . The failure of these predictions was a serious setback to the movement, but Miller and some devoted followers continued to preach the imminent end of the World.
A) he admitted misleading everyone and concluded that he must have been mistaken B) William Miller, the founder of the Adventist movement, believed in the Second Coming of Christ C) Miller specified first March 21, 1844, and later October 22, 1844, as dates for the event D) Miller announced that he was still convinced of the World's imminent end but not of the date E) In 1863 the Millerites, his followers, formally organised the denomination known as Seventh-day Adventists
36- Although the vast majority of people living on the Island of Taiwan originate from China, there are a number of non-Chinese aborigines who constitute a small minority of about 2%. ............. . Their homeland is the mountainous interior, where they were pushed by the Chinese arrivals of the 18th and 19th centuries. These aborigines speak their own languages, which are thought to be related to Malayo-Polynesian languages.
A) The Austronesian language family, sometimes called the Malayo-Polynesian family, includes between 600 and 1,000 languages B) Taiwan is a separate political entity from China, which has continued to demand the return of the island to its political jurisdiction since 1949 C) They are descended from a people of Indonesian origin who lived on the island prior to Chinese immigration D) The giant panda, a rare and closely protected animal, lives in the cool, damp bamboo forests of central China E) About 25 percent of the population of Vancouver is Asian, mostly Chinese
37- ........... . The most obvious reason is that people do so in order to make money — even if you know you may not win, there's always the chance that you will. And for many people, winning money in this manner is the only way they could ever make a lot of money. Although in small amounts it may do little harm, it can destroy individuals and their families if it becomes compulsive.
A) People work hard at their jobs for many reasons B) There are various reasons why gambling is so popular C) Investing money for the future is a sensible thing D) Poverty is one of the world's most difficult problems E) The reason people look for gold in mountains is apparent
38- One of the earliest recorded human diseases, malaria threatens more than 2 billion people in 100 countries in the tropics. The symptoms of this disease include periodic chills, fever, headache and sweating. Complications affecting the kidneys, liver, brain and blood can be fatal. .......... and a million die from it, mainly children under five and pregnant women. In Africa, malaria kills one child in twenty.
A) Scientists are working hard on a cure for the disease B) It has nearly been eliminated from developed countries C) More than 100 million people catch the disease each year D) Thanks to modern medicine, it is rarely fatal any more E) It is most dangerous to people in their seventies
39- London's Heathrow Airport is one of the busiest international airports in the world. Because of its geographical location, Heathrow is a stopping-off place for passengers flying between the North American continent and Europe, and countries to the east. ............ . Seventeen million of these passengers are travelling to or from countries outside Britain.
A) London has two other airports as well, but they are smaller B) Britain, and especially the Lake District, is visited by millions of people every year C) There is no high-speed rail link to Heathrow from central London D) The duty-free shopping facilities have increased remarkably in recent years E) More than 24 million people use it every year, and that is almost double the population of Australia
40- One day in September, 1944, during the latter stages of World War II, a shattering explosion destroyed a number of buildings in a suburb on the west side of London. This was an unusual situation, ............ . Soon, the reason was understood. The explosion had been caused by the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile, a German V-2 rocket. The V-2 rockets had a total weight of 12 tonnes, and the motor worked from a combination of alcohol and liquid oxygen. It travelled at a speed of 3218 kph, about three times the speed of sound, which is why it gave no warning of its approach.
A) but the German aerial bombardment of London and other British cities had ended several years before B) so the bombing of civilian targets is a moral issue which has still not been properly addressed C) and then the German scientists who developed the V-2 went to America after the war and worked in the US Space Program D) for there had been no air raid warning, and there were no enemy aircraft in the sky E) in fact, by this time, the Germans had no real chance of winning the war
41- (I) Hinduism is the religion practised by the majority of people in India, (II) Its origins can be traced back nearly 5000 years to the period of the Indus Valley civilisation, (III) It is founded on a belief in reincarnation; that is, the return of the sou! to many earthly existences until spiritual purity and enlightenment are attained. (IV) Christianity, on the other hand, believes in a single earthly incarnation. (V) There are many forms of Hinduism, and many traditional gods, the principal ones being Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 42- (I) Religion was the great controlling force in Aztec life. (II) The chief Aztec god was Quetzalcoatl, and mass human sacrifice played a big part in their religion. (III) In architecture and sculpture they gave their best efforts to building and decorating huge temples. (IV) Their temples closely resembled the stepped, pyramid-shaped ones of ancient Babylonia and Assyria. (V) The Aztecs used their wealth and power to provide a brilliant life in their capital, and their chief, Montezuma, lived in a splendid palace.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
43- (I) Mankind uses many different forms of fuel from which he produces energy, (II) Coal is a black rock derived from the leaves and wood of decayed trees. (Ill) The coal forests thrived about 200 million years ago, and it was under the weight of the deposits above them that they slowly turned to coal. (IV) There are two main types of coal, anthracite, or hard coal, and bituminous, or soft coal. (V) The latter burns with much more smoke than the former.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
44- (I) The general weather pattern of an area over long periods is known as the climate. (II) Climate depends on many things, including distance from the equator, altitude, distance from the sea and the direction and temperature of ocean currents. (III) Almost all of Antarctica and all but the coast of Greenland have the coldest of all climates. (IV) It largely determines the vegetation and general appearance of a region, and affects the lifestyle of the people. (V) The world's main climatic regions are classified as equatorial, warm temperate, cool temperate and arctic.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
45- (I) Athletics are competitive displays of running, jumping and throwing. (II) They are organised into Track Events, which range from 100 metres to the marathon, which is 42,195 metres, and the Field Events, which include all of the jumping and throwing contests. (III) In 1954, Roger Bannister first ran a mile in under four-minutes. (IV) In 1896 the first modern Olympic Games were staged, which made track and field an international sport for the first time. (V) Since then, the Olympic Games have been the occasion for many great athletic performances.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
46- (I) The invention of the compass is usually credited to the Chinese about the year 1200 BC. (II) They found that certain stones had the property of turning around and pointing in the same direction when hung from a cord, (III) These were lodestones, a type of iron ore which had become magnetised. (IV) Compasses are ineffective in both Arctic and Antarctic regions because of the Earth's magnetic fields. (V) This early type of compass was operated by placing one of these stones on a piece of wood which floated in a bowl of water.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
47- (I) Crystal structures are groups of molecules built up as units in a way that is roughly comparable to the use of bricks which are built up to form a structure. (II) Bricks can be made of many different substances, including mud, ash and clay. (III) Many substances have crystal structure, from diamonds to sugar and salt. (IV) Snow and ice, for instance, are crystalline forms of water. (V) Crystals develop in various geometric forms, known as cubic, hexagonal and tetrahedral.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
48- (I) Conservation is everyone's responsibility, (II) Individuals have no right to destroy nature's wealth for profit or for pleasure. (III) The logging company that cuts down too many trees without replanting for the future; the industrial plant that fouls a river or pollutes the air with its wastes; the farmer who neglects his own farm and so damages his neighbour's land are injuring the whole community. (IV) The camper whose carelessness starts a forest fire; the picnickers who litter the landscape with their garbage; the hunter who kills more than the legal limit are all abusing natural resources. (V) Yet an animal species may become extinct not only through human abuse, but also through natural causes.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
49- (I) The skeleton is the rigid framework which supports and protects the soft tissue of an animal's body, (II) The human skeleton consists of 206 bones, which are fitted together at joints. (III) It is the most durable part of an animal and can be preserved for thousands of years after the rest of the body has decayed. (IV) In vertebrate creatures such as man, this framework is internal. (V) In some creatures, such as insects and shellfish, it appears on the outside.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
50- (I) A sonata is a type of musical composition, (II) The word comes from the Italian suonare, 'to sound', and describes a piece for instruments. (III) A sonata is distinct from a cantata, from the Italian cantare, 'to sing1, which is a piece for voices. (IV) Many other English words, such as vermicelli and spaghetti are of Italian origin. (V) Early sonatas of the 17th century were often pieces for several instruments, but the word is now usually applied to compositions written for the piano.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
51- (I) Some human experiences —joy, sorrow, longing, despair — are universal, (II) Thus stories that grow out of such experiences can appeal to many people. (Ill) The names and places may be Vietnamese, or West African, or Alaskan Eskimo. (IV) But the story itself almost invariably reflects these feelings common to all humans. (V) And over the centuries, literary works have become available to large numbers of people throughout the world.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
52- (I) The skin is the flexible covering of the body of many animals. (II) In humanbeings, the skin consists of an outer layer, the epidermis; and an inner layer, the dermiş. (Ill) The body converts food into energy to produce body heat. (IV) The sweat glands pass waste matter through the skin pores and by doing so help regulate internal body heat. (V) The sebaceous glands produce oily substances to keep the skin from drying up.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
53- (I) The Inquisition was a court system established by the Roman Catholic Church to find and punish those who rejected the beliefs of the Church. (II) It dates from the 13th century, when Pope Gregory DC appointed inquisitors to find and punish those who rejected the official beliefs, (in) Those who voluntarily confessed were usually treated lightly. (IV) Recent developments in Hinduism are indicative of a movement away from certain aspects of classical practice, such as 'suttee , a widow's suicide at her husband's funeral. (V) Later, especially in Spain, the Inquisition became a much more fearful institution, with the frequent use of torture to obtain confessions.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
54- (I) Among the main weapons in the fight against disease are drugs called antibiotics, which attack and destroy bacteria and other micro-organisms, (II) They are of little or no use against diseases caused by the organisms known as viruses, which are much smaller than bacteria, (III) Still, antibiotics are used to combat a wide range of illnesses. (IV) Vaccines are also now available for a variety of diseases, and the list is likely to grow as new techniques are used to develop safer, less costly vaccines. (V) They must, however, be used carefully and selectively, because if antibiotics are taken over a long period, the bacteria in the body build up resistance to them.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
55- (I) The Royal Ballet, so named by royal charter in 1956, began its existence as the Vic-Wells Ballet, whose first performance was on May 5, 1931. (II) The theatre of the absurd represented a contrast to realistic theatre. (Ill) Its aim was to show the lack of meaning in life in order to get the audience to disagree. (IV) The idea was not to cultivate meaninglessness. (V) On the contrary, by showing the absurd in everyday situations, the audience were made to see more essential lives for themselves.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
56- (I) Heroism is not a word or concept that comes naturally to Canadian minds, (II) Because most Canadians have Europeans as their ancestors, Canadian literature reflects this heritage. (Ill) The very idea is alien to the Canadian culture, for they are a country with a colonial past. (IV) They have not bred the great military leaders who fill the history books of some countries. (V) But they do have heroes, for example, early members of the mounted police who drove out the whiskey traders from native Indian lands.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
57- (I) Most foundations make grants to other organisations, but only a few conduct their own research programs, (II) The Rockefeller Foundation is an outstanding example of a great foundation that originates research with its own staff. (III) Beginning with John D. Rockefeller, the Rockefeller family established itself as one of the greatest industrial families in American history. (IV) In the past it worked on the causes and elimination of yellow fever, malaria and hookworm. (V) it also has helped develop high-yielding wheat and rice strains that have made a major impact on many underdeveloped nations.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
58- (I) The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget was the first scientist to make systematic studies of how children learn, (II) His concept of the stages of learning made it necessary for scholars to re-evaluate previous information about children and the learning processes. (III) In the light of his work, teachers came to be viewed as guides to children's discovery of themselves and the world. (IV) Concepts of teaching and learning have changed more since 1900 than in all preceding human history, and they are still changing. (V) Previously, they were just seen as transmitters of learning.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
59- (I) Whenever there are extremes of weather, such as droughts and floods, farmers are usually the most affected part of society, (II) The crucial factor in farming is the farmer. (III) A bad fanner will often be a failure on the best land, and a good fanner can sometimes make a success of a very poor farm. (IV) Good equipment is, of course, desirable. (V) But a poor worker can produce indifferent results with the best machines, while a good worker can achieve excellent results with poorer tools.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
60- (I) Common sense tells us that time, unlike space, extends in only one direction — forward, (II) Spontaneous events in nature, which tend to go from order to disorder, seem to prove this observation. (III) For example, an egg may roll off the edge of a table and break on the floor, but the reverse is never observed. (IV) If not handled properly, eggs do break even in their specially designed boxes. (V) Eggs do not "unbreak" and then rise from the floor and roll onto a table.
EXERCISE 5 : Choose the opposite of the word in bold type.
1- Do you think It would be safe to go sailing today?
A) shallow B) dangerous C) enjoyable D) wise E) secure
2- We visited that city especially so that Mike could look at some of the well-known modern architecture there.
A) superb B) recent C) ancient D) contemporary E) derelict
3- The recent research linking this food additive to some forms of cancer has led to a sudden change in people's eating habits.
A) sharp B) moderate C) specific D) gradual E) voluntary
4- Some of the native societies that existed before the arrival of Europeans were quite primitive communities.
A) civilised B) basic C) fascinating D) alien E) unexpected
5- Some people believe that an understanding and appreciation of art is a needless requirement in the modern world.
A) complementary B) expensive C) luxurious D) tasteless E) fundamental
6- In reply to your request for information on Mr Jones's work, we can say that he has proved to be an incapable supervisor and we recommend his transfer immediately.
A) authoritarian B) competitive C) competent D) dispensable E) intolerable
7- She deliberately gave Jo the wrong address for the theatre, so he wasn't able to join us.
A) inevitably B) accidentally C) naturally D) fortunately E) subsequently
8- I'm glad he refused their offer of employment; otherwise, I don't think he would be so happy now.
A) accepted B) ignored C) withheld D) considered E) rejected
9- The actor was surprisingly frank about his earlier involvement with Parisian street gangs.
A) creative B) arrogant C) deceitful D) candid E) ruthless
10- After the two actors had appeared in the film together, they had a lasting romance.
A) durable B) terminal C) erratic D) fleeting E) tiny
11- Tim's mother made a living by planting potatoes for a local farmer.
A) stewing B) peeling C) harvesting D) ploughing E) growing
12- The children had a miserable time at the zoo yesterday.
A) terrible B) emotional C) joyful D) serious E) hardy
13- Since he has retired, my father has been quite idle.
A) cross B) depressed C) irresponsible D) industrious E) unfit
14- Their relationship was destroyed by continual arguments.
A) several B) violent C) enormous D) bitter E) intermittent
15- The lead story in the newspaper this morning was about an infamous head of state who has just died.
A) obscure B) former C) elderly D) respectable E) royal
16- Because of the exceptionally warm weather this year, we have a surplus of our best-selling product.
A) shortage B) excess C) reduction D) production E) decline
17- I'm quite fond of our neighbour's dog, but it is a little too affectionate.
A) ferocious B) bulky C) lively D) virtuous E) smelly
18- Our efforts to dissuade him from leaving his job proved futile.
A) barren B) suspicious C) needless D) hindered E) effective
19- When we move to the USA, I'm hoping to find a permanent job.
A) interesting B) self-employed C) rewarding D) temporary E) separate
20- In the end, the dispute was settled violently.
A) successfully B) profitably C) peacefully D) ultimately E) heavily
21- He is an unskilled worker, so he doesn't have much chance of finding a well-paid job in these economic conditions.
A) dedicated B) awkward C) industrious D) diligent E) qualified
22- I don't know how Susan's brother makes any friends because he is so undiplomatic.
A) rude B) tactful C) superficial D) outgoing E) miserable
23- Making an oral presentation on your chosen term project is voluntary.
A) recommended B) interesting C) compulsory D) steady E) rewarding
24- Professor Smith cares about his appearance, and always dresses elegantly.
A) shabbily B) expensively C) relaxingly D) thoughtfully E) gently
25- He went about his work in his usual haphazard way.
A) eager B) motionless C) planned D) erratic E) peaceful
26- The benefits that we can gain from undertaking this research are negligible.
A) surprising B) profitable C) underestimated D) significant E) confusing
27- I hope Jim won't be coming with us this time! The last time he came, he was a real hindrance.
A) interruption B) courage C) assistance D) coward E) prevention
28- We prefer to use this paint because its ingredients are non-toxic.
A) colourful B) poisonous C) coarse D) waterproof E) soft
29- Your mark reflects the fact that this is a very exhaustive study of the subject.
A) skilful B) boring C) superficial D) readable E) illegible
30- The government have produced a wordy explanation of the new regulations.
A) concise B) informative C) descriptive D) unreliable E) lengthy
EXERCISE 4 : Choose the synonym for the word In bold type.
1- I prefer to buy pullovers made from synthetic fibres because they are easier to wash.
A) natural B) artificial C) pure D) counterfeit E) fake
2- These two front rows are reserved solely for guests of the owner of the theatre.
A) mainly B) chiefly C) exclusively D) predominantly E) slightly
3- We didn't get much important business completed at the staff meeting because Tiffany kept raising petty complaints.
A) shallow B) immense C) abundant D) trivial E) thin
4- I dreamt about flying away to some remote island and lying on the beach in the sun last night.
A) distant B) tropical C) scenic D) recreational E) close
5- While he did not agree with many of Professor Brown's theses, he had a lot of respect for him as a fellow meteorologist.
A) admiration B) dislike C) appeal D) influence E) affection
6- If that is the message the author is trying to convey in this story. I'm afraid it's far too obscure for me.
A) desperate B) undecided C) explicit D) startling E) ambiguous
7- I wish I were as slim as Von then I would be able to wear dresses like him.
A) obese B) fat C) slender D) attractive E) skinny
8- My brother wants his mother-in-law to go and live with them because she hasn't been well lately, but she prefers to be self-sufficient.
A) independent B) selfish C) reliable D) residential E) alone
9- If you are going to wear that dress to the party, you had better wear something underneath it because the skirt is see-through.
A) transparent B) lengthy C) smooth D) shining E)opaque
10- She doesn't like the fact that her work for the Post Office is so methodical and nothing unexpected ever happens.
A) inspirational B) erratic C) systematic D) irregular E) traditional
11- Whether his party will be able to form a government or not is questionable. A) inadequate B) doubtful C) vital D) constant E) obvious 12- I wish Harry would show a little more concern for other people instead of only thinking about himself all the time. A) refusal B) greed C) disinterest D) concentration E)consideration
13- The low salaries that junior doctors receive and the long hours they work deterred her from pursuing a career in medicine.
A) persuaded B) rejected C) enabled D) discouraged E) denied
14- Whenever she tried to stand up, she felt a sharp pain in her upper back.
A) acute B) blunt C) accurate D) dull E) clear
15- He painted many landscapes showing the serene, calm surroundings of his lake-side home.
A) tranquil B) rough C) eventful D) dull E) hectic
16- What a beautiful ring! Are they real diamonds?
A) rare B) genuine C) fake D) antique E) valuable
17- The London Stock Market traders were hostile to the computer operators who had arrived to work the new computerised system.
A) amicable B) unfriendly C) disloyal D) gracious E) violent
18- He has always been unbending in his attitude towards employees who aren't punctual.
A) correct B) flexible C) rigid D) fluent E) pushy
19- The French prison on Devil's Island, which was renown for Its merciless treatment of prisoners, was finally closed in the 1950s.
A) relentless B) tactful C) pitiless D) dutiful E) ignorant
20- Because of recent events between the two nations, the meeting of the two heads of state was strained.
A) likely B) dense C) remote D) emotional E) tense
21- Considering that he is supposed to be a qualified lawyer, I think his behaviour in this instance was a little childish.
A) unripe B) premature C) old-fashioned D) conservative E) immature
22- The area is a lush valley, and fruit, both wild and cultivated, is abundant in the area.
A) healthy B) scarce C) scattered D) plentiful E) limitless
23- After his mother pleaded with him, he reluctantly gave her his favourite pullover to wash and put on something else.
A) thoughtlessly B) considerately C) haphazardly D) unwillingly E) distrustfully
24- In the first few interviews she gave after becoming famous, she was noticeably nervous. Now, however, she is very self-assured during television and radio shows.
A) confident B) boastful C) aggressive D) sincere E) modest
25- I forgot that it was Sarah's birthday yesterday. Do you think it would be pointless to take a gift round to her today?
A) intentional B) meaningless C) accidental D) unhurried E) thoughtless
26- You are only allowed in our full-service restaurant if you are wearing a tie. Sir.
A) respected B) permitted C) approved D) banned E) limited
27- She has worked for us for six months and proved herself to be a reliable employee.
A) trustworthy B) affordable C) ceaseless D) disloyal E) steady
28- The maKers of this hair-dye recommend that a trial should be carried out on a small area of skin before the hair is coloured as the chemicals it contains may cause a reaction in susceptible skin.
A) soothing B) shallow C) intolerant D) sensitive E) tough
29- He is sometimes a little abrupt with his employees, but always polite to his customers.
A) rude B) straightforward C) generous D) greedy E) courteous
30- Having this continual cough is quite irritating.
A) gratifying B) offending C) annoying D) surprising E) discouraging
