İngilizce Tekil ve Çoğul İsimler, Singular and Plural Nouns, İng

31/7/2009 · Kategori: Elementary

SINGULAR/PLURAL

İngilizce'de isimler (nouns), countable ve uncountable diye ikiye ayrılır. Yani sayılabilir ve sayılamaz isimler... Sayılabilir isimler singular (tekil) ve plural (çoğul) halde kullanılabilir. Ancak sayılamaz isimler, daima yalın halde tekil olarak kullanılmalıdır.

İngilizce'de sayılabilir isimler, sonuna aldıkları -s ve -es ekleriyle çoğul olurlar.

1) Sonu "o" ile biten isimler (-es) alır: potato - potatoes

2) Sonu "x" ile biten isimler (-es) alır: fox - foxes

3) Sonu "s" ile biten isimler (-es) alır: glass - glasses

4) Sonu "f/fe" ile biten isimler (-ves) alır: wolf - wolves

5) Sonu "y" ile biten isimlerde bir önceki harf de sessiz ise "y" düşer ve (-ies) eki gelir: story - stories, city - cities gibi...

6) Sonu "ch/sh" ile biten isimler (-es) alır: dish -  watches

7) Bunlar dışında kalan diğer isimler (-s) alır: books, kids, pecils gibi...

 

Ancak -s veya -es eki almayan istisnai durumlar da mevcuttur; bunlardan bazı örnekler:

man (adam) - men (adamlar)

woman (kadın) - women (kadınlar)

person (kişi) - people (insanlar)

tooth (diş) - teeth (dişler)

foot (ayak) - feet (ayaklar)

mouse (fare) - mice (fareler)

fish (balık) - fish (balıklar)

sheep (koyun) - sheep (koyunlar)

ox (öküz) - oxen (öküzler)

goose (kaz) - geese (kazlar)

this (bu) - these (bunlar)

that (şu) - those (şunlar)

PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
(İSİMLERİN ÇOĞUL HALLERİ)


a)Çoğu isimin sonuna –s & -es takıları getirilir.

Singular Plural :
boat  - boats
hat -  hats
house -  houses
river  - rivers

b) Eğer bir ismin son sesi sessiz harf + y den oluşuyorsa, - ies ismin sonuna eklenir:

Singular Plural
a cry  - cries
a fly  - flies
a nappy -  nappies
a poppy -  poppies
a city  - cities
a lady  - ladies
a baby  - babies


c) çoğul halleri düzensiz olan İsmler:

TEKİL ÇOĞUL 
woman women
man men
child children
tooth teeth
foot  feet
person people
leaf leaves
half halves
knife knives
wife wives
life lives
loaf loaves
potato potatoes
cactus cacti
focus foci
fungus fungi
nucleus nuclei
syllabus syllabi/syllabuses
analysis analyses
diagnosis diagnoses
oasis oases
thesis theses
crisis crises
phenomenon phenomena
criterion criteria
datum data


d) bazı isimlerin hem tekil hemde çoğul halleri aynıdır:

Singular - Plural
sheep  - sheep
fish -  fish
species -  species
aircraft -  aircraft


e) bazı isimler hep çoğul biçimde kullanılır ve çoğul fil alırlar:

trousers : My trousers are too tight.
jeans:  Her jeans are black.
glasses : Those glasses are his.

savings, thanks, steps, stair, customs, congratulations, tropics, wages, spectacles, outskirts, goods, wits

DÜZENLİ & DÜZENSİZ İSİMLERİN ÇOĞUL HALLERİ

b) box – boxes                 church – churches  

    brush – brushes           class - classes    

    buzz - buzzes

Final –es is added to nouns that end in –ch, -sh, -ss, and -z

c) baby – babies               party – parties

    city – cities                    poppy – poppies

Words ending in consonant + y take –ies as a plural suffix.

d) man - Men

Foot- feet

Ox – oxen

Tooth – teeth

These nouns have irregular forms, so there is no specific rule.

    Woman     -

women

Mouse    -

Mice

    Child         -    

Children

Goose    - 

Geese

e) echo – echoes                          potato – potatoes

    hero – heroes                            tomato – tomatoes

Some nouns ending in –o take final ­–es.

f) auto- autos               photo- photos       studio – studios

   ghetto-ghettos          piano- pianos       tattoo- tattoos

   kilo- kilos                   radio –radios        video – videos

   memo-memos           solo- solos            zoo- zoos

   soprano – sopranos

   kangaroo- kangaroos

 

Only the final –s is added to some nouns ending in – o

 

g) memento – mementoes/ mementos

    volcano-  volcanoes/ volcanos

    zero – zeroes/ zeros

    mosquito- mosquitoes/ mosquitos

    tornado – tornadoes/ tornados

 

It is possible to add –es or –s to nouns in this category.

h) calf –calves      life – lives         thief- thieves

    half – halves     loaf- loaves       wolf – wolves

    knife- knives     self- selves       scarf – scarves

    shelf – shelves

Some nouns that end in –f or fe are changed to – ves to form the plural.

i)  belief – beliefs                            cliff- cliffs

    chief – chiefs                              roof – roofs

Some nouns ending in –f are not changed and simply – s is added to form the plural.

j) deer – deer        series – series    means - means 

   fish -   fish         sheep – sheep     shrimp – shrimp

   offspring- offspring  

   species – species

 

Some nouns have the same singular and plural form.

 

k) criterion – criteria     phenomenon- phenomena

 

l) cactus – cacti/ cactuses                nucleus – nuclei

   fungus- fungi                                  stimulus – stimuli

   syllabus- syllabi/ syllabuses

  

m) formula – formulae/ formulas

     vertebra – vertebrae

 

n) appendix – appendices/ appendixes

    index- indices/ indexes

 

o) analysis – analyses            basis – bases

    crisis – crises                      hypothesis- hypotheses

    oasis – oases                      thesis- theses

    parenthesis – parentheses

 

p) bacterium – bacteria           curriculum – curricula

    datum – data                        medium – media

    memorandum – memoranda

  

Some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages have foreign plurals.


Some nouns have the same singular and plural form.

k) criterion – criteria phenomenon- phenomena

l) cactus – cacti/ cactuses nucleus – nuclei
fungus- fungi stimulus – stimuli
syllabus- syllabi/ syllabuses

m) formula – formulae/ formulas
vertebra – vertebrae

n) appendix – appendices/ appendixes
index- indices/ indexes

o) analysis – analyses basis – bases
crisis – crises hypothesis- hypotheses
oasis – oases thesis- theses
parenthesis – parentheses

p) bacterium – bacteria curriculum – curricula
datum – data medium – media
memorandum – memoranda
Some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages have foreign plurals.

Tekil-Çoğul ( Singular-Plural)

                  İsimleri Çoğul Yapma Kuralları:

 

1.       İsimleri  çoğul yapmak istediğimizde  sonlarına –s ekini getiririz.

 

Cameras, pens ,phones ,bananas

 

2.      –ch, -sh, -s, -x (bazen -o) harfi ile biten isimler çoğul yapılmak istendiğinde sonlarına –es eki getirilir. Yabancı dillerden geçen sözcükler bu kurala dahil değildir.

 

Watches, brushes, buses, kisses, boxes, foxes, potatoes, tomatoes

 

3.      –y harfi ile biten isimler çoğul yapılırken –y harfi düşer ve –ies eki getirilir.

 

Cities, families, parties

 

4.      –f harfi ile biten isimler çoğul yapılırken –f harfi düşer yerine –ves eki getirilir.

 

Loaves, wives

 

5.      Bazı isimlerin çoğul halleri düzensizdir. Bunlara  düzensiz(kural dışı) isimler denir.

 Man-men

Child-children

Person-people

Tooth-teeth

Foot-feet

Mouse-mice

Sheep-sheep

Fish-fish

 

6.      Birleşik isimler çoğul yapılırken çoğunlukla ikinci kelime çoğul yapılır.

 

Travel agents (seyahat acentaları)

 

Bazen birinci kelime çoğul yapılır. (İçinde edat bulunan birleşik isimlerde.)

 

Sisters-in-law (görümceler)

   

7.      Kısaltmalar da çoğul yapılabilir.

 

VIPs (very important people) : çok önemli kişiler

UFOs ( unidentified flying objects) kimliği bilinmeyen uçan nesneler

İngilizce’de çoğul yapmak için -s,-es,-ies eklerini ekleriz fakat bu kuralın dışına çıkan bazı isimler vardır.Aşağıdaki testde bunları bulalım.

Singular or Plural
Game 1

Sort the words into singular or plural. Match the singular with its plural and choose presents for Lucy.





Plural Nouns

A noun is a type of word which refers to a person, place, or thing. Nouns can be conjugated in either singular or plural form. A singular noun refers to just one person, place, or thing (for example, a bat or a ship). A plural noun refers to multiple people, places, or things (for example, bats or ships).

The majority of English count nouns are regular and predictable in the spelling of the plural form1. However, other nouns have irregular plural spellings. Both of these kinds of nouns will be covered here.

Rule #1: Add -s

Most nouns can be pluralized simply by adding an -s at the end of the word. For example:

  • edge/edges
  • girl/girls
  • song/songs
  • bag/bags
  • cat/cats
  • boy/boys
  • day/days

Rule #2: Add -es to nouns ending in s, z, ch, sh, and x

Nouns which end in the letters s, z, ch, sh, and x-es at the end. For example:

  • glass/glasses
  • horse/horses
  • buzz/buzzes
  • dish/dishes
  • box/boxes
  • bush/bushes
  • witch/witches
  • switch/switches

Rule #3: Nouns ending in o

For words ending in the letter o, sometimes they are pluralized by adding s, while other words must be pluralized by adding es. These words must be memorized, because there is no simple rule to explain the differences.2

Examples (es):

  • echo/echoes
  • embargo/embargoes
  • hero/heroes
  • potato/potatoes
  • veto/vetoes
  • tomato/tomatoes
  • torpedo/torpedoes
  • hero/heroes
  • veto/vetoes

Examples (s):

Most nouns ending in o preceded by a vowel are pluralized by simply adding s3. Some other o nouns do this, too:

  • auto/autos
  • folio/folios
  • cameo/cameos
  • portfolio/portfolios
  • kilo/kilos
  • photo/photos
  • zoo/zoos
  • memo/memos
  • solo/solos
  • soprano/sopranos
  • studio/studios
  • pimento/pimentos
  • tattoo/tattoos
  • video/videos
  • piano/pianos
  • pro/pros
  • kangaroo/kangaroos

Rule #4: Nouns Ending in a consonant Y

For nouns ending in the letter y, replace the ending y with ies. For example:

  • baby/babies
  • story/stories
  • poppy/poppies
  • baby/babies
  • daisy/daisies
  • spy/spies
  • lady/ladies

Note that for words ending in y preceeded by a vowel (a complex vowel sound), an s is simply added, as usual. For example:

  • day/days
  • toy/toys
  • essay/essays
  • turkey/turkeys
  • chimney/chimneys
  • play/plays
  • joy/joys
  • valley/valleys
  • alley/alleys
  • volley/volleys

(Irregular) Some nouns Ending in -F or -FE

For some nouns ending in f or fe, replace the ending f or fe with ves:

  • calf/calves
  • elf/elves
  • half/halves
  • hoof/hooves
  • leaf/leaves
  • life/lives
  • loaf/loaves
  • scarf/scarves
  • self/selves
  • sheaf/sheaves
  • wolf/wolves
  • shelf/shelves
  • thief/thieves
  • knife/knives
  • wife/wives

(Irregular) Some nouns change the vowel sound in becoming plural:

  • fireman/firemen
  • foot/feet
  • goose/geese
  • louse/lice
  • man/men
  • mouse/mice
  • tooth/teeth
  • woman/women

(Irregular) Some Old English plurals are still in use:

  • child/children
  • ox/oxen

Nouns adopted from other languages4

Singular ends in -IS

For nouns in which the singular form ends in is, the plural form will end in es. For example:

  • hypothesis/hypotheses
  • diagnosis/diagnoses
  • ellipsis/ellipses
  • analysis/analyses
  • basis/bases
  • crisis/crises
  • thesis/theses
  • oasis/oases
  • synthesis/syntheses
  • synopsis/synopses
  • emphasis/emphases
  • neurosis/neuroses
  • paralysis/paralyses
  • parenthesis/parentheses

Singular ends in -UM

Plural ends in a:

  • bacterium/bacteria
  • datum/data
  • curriculum/curricula
  • medium/media
  • memorandum/memoranda
  • ovum/ova
  • symposium/symposia
  • erratum/errata
  • addendum/addenda
  • stratum/strata

Singular ends in -ON

Plural ends in -a

  • criterion/criteria
  • phenomenon/phenomena
  • automaton/automata

Singular ends in -A

Plural ends in -ae

  • alga/algae
  • amoeba/amoebae
  • larva/larvae
  • formula/formulae
  • antenna/antannae
  • nebula/nebulae
  • vertebra/vertebrae
  • vita/vitae

Singular ends in -ex or -ix

Plural ends in -ices:

  • appendix/appendices
  • index/indeces
  • matrix/matrices
  • vertex/vertices
  • vortex/vortices
  • apex/apices
  • cervix/cervices
  • axis/axes

Singular ends in -us

Plural ends in -i:

  • alumnus/alumni
  • bacillus/bacilli
  • cactus/cacti
  • focus/foci
  • stimulus/stimuli
  • focus/foci
  • octopus/octopi
  • radius/radii
  • stimulus/stimuli
  • terminus/termini

Singular ends in -us:

Plural ends in -a:

  • corpus/corpora
  • genus/genera

Singular ends in -eau

Plural ends in -eaux:

  • bureau/bureaux
  • beau/beaux
  • portmanteau/portmanteaux
  • tableau/tableaux

Other irregular plurals, retained from different languages:

Italian

  • libretto/libretti
  • tempo/tempi
  • virtuoso/virtuosi

Hebrew

  • cherub/cherubim
  • seraph/seraphim

Greek

  • schema/schemata

Other Irregular Plurals

  • man/men
  • woman/women
  • fungus/fungi
  • species/species
  • medium/media
  • person/people
  • foot/feet
  • tooth/teeth
  • goose/geese
  • mouse/mice
  • louse/lice
  • child/children
  • penny/pence
  • ox/oxen

Posessive Plurals

For plural nouns ending in the letter s, add only the apostrophe. For example:

  • The Johnsons' farm
  • Singers' voices
  • The thieves' guild

For plural nouns not ending in the letter s, add an apostrophe and s. For example:

  • Women's soccer
  • Children's books

Words Which are Always Plural or Always Singular

Some nouns are always plural or always singular. Some other nouns have the same form for singular and plural.5

Some nouns are always plural (things that come in pairs):

  • pants
  • clothes
  • binoculars
  • jeans
  • forceps
  • trousers
  • tongs
  • shorts
  • tweezers
  • people
  • pajamas
  • police
  • shorts
  • glasses
  • scissors
  • mathematics

Aggregate Nouns

Some nouns end in -s but have no singular (these are called aggregate nouns). These are traditionally plural, but are also used for singular forms:

  • accomodations
  • bread
  • amends
  • tea
  • archives
  • cheese
  • bowels
  • jam
  • communications
  • soup
  • congratulations
  • soap
  • contents
  • snow
  • stairs
  • cotton
  • wood
  • thanks
  • water
  • goods
  • information
  • advice
  • knowledge
  • furniture
  • news
  • means
  • series
  • species
  • barracks
  • crossroads
  • gallows
  • headquarters

Nouns with the same form

Some nouns have the same form for singular and plural, such as fish and animals. (Note that not all fish have the irregular plural form, though--e.g., one shark becomes two sharks)

  • salmon
  • trout
  • deer
  • sheep
  • swine
  • offspring
Q1 - The plural of 'church' is ....
churchs
churches
church's

Q2 - The plural of 'shadow' is ....
shadows
shadow's
shadowes

Q3 - The plural of 'fox' is ....
foxs
foxes
fox's

Q4 - The plural of 'play' is ....
playes
plays
plais
play's

Q5 - The plural of 'fly' is ....
fly's
flys
flies

Q6 - The plural of 'sheep' is ....
sheep
sheep's
sheeps

Q7 - The plural of 'blaze' is ....
blazes
blaze's
blazs

Q8 - The plural of 'tomato' is ....
tomatos
tomato's
tomatoes
tomatos'

Q9 - The plural of 'information' is ....
informations
It doesn't have a plural

Q10 - The plural of 'trip' is ....
trip's
tripes
trips

Q11 - The plural of 'wash' is ....
washes
washs
wash's

Q12 - The plural of 'match' is...
matchs
matches
match's


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